Le origini della storia giuridica greca e le fonti micenee
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/1128-8221/28206Parole chiave:
diritto greco antico, civiltà micenea, lineare B, documenti amministrativi, teoria del diritto, storiografiaAbstract
Gli storici del diritto dell’antica Grecia partono spesso dai poemi omerici come prime fonti per studiare l’emergere dell’ordine normativo nel mondo greco. Al contrario, gli ampi corpora di documenti amministrativi prodotti dai palazzi micenei tra il 1450 e il 1200 a.C. circa hanno suscitato scarso interesse nella storiografia giuridica. Ciononostante, le discussioni su temi quali la proprietà, i rapporti di obbligazione e la risoluzione delle controversie sono importanti nella letteratura specializzata, ma spesso con un affidamento acritico e selettivo sulle concezioni giuridiche. Il presente lavoro delinea alcuni problemi chiave per un approccio storico-giuridico alle testimonianze micenee, attraverso una considerazione critica delle ragioni per cui queste fonti sono state a lungo escluse dagli storici del diritto. Si sostiene che un approccio storico-giuridico deve evitare di applicare alle testimonianze micenee concezioni formaliste del diritto e delle categorie giuridiche e deve confrontarsi con le tendenze degli studi specialistici che hanno riconosciuto un ruolo più limitato dei palazzi micenei nell’economia più ampia. Seguendo l’esempio di recenti storie critiche della produzione di norme in altri contesti premoderni, questo articolo delinea alcune considerazioni chiave per una storia giuridica del mondo miceneo e sottolinea il più ampio contesto sociale ed economico delle pratiche amministrative che hanno prodotto i documenti. Si sostiene che le testimonianze delle tavolette non dovrebbero essere lette solo dal punto di vista del palazzo come unico centro dell’ordine, ma che i documenti rivelano piuttosto limiti alla portata della capacità normativa del palazzo, soprattutto nella sfera dei rapporti di proprietà dove le comunità locali detenevano un potere considerevole. Questo articolo invita i futuri studi sui documenti micenei ad adottare una concezione più pluralistica della produzione di normatività e a confrontarsi con le tendenze della storiografia giuridica critica.
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