Balthazar
type: channel
description: Rivista semestrale per un'etica dell'inclusione
publisher: Milano University Press
language: it-IT
publication name: Balthazar
issn: 2724-3079
items: Per la critica della violenza fotografica
items: Un'intellettuale a metà tra due mondi
items: Susan Sontag between Theory and Autotheory
items: Susan Sontag e il voyeurismo fotografico
items: Illness and War
items: Taking Our Feelings Towards Animals Seriously

Per la critica della violenza fotografica
type: item
description: Susan Sontag’s interest in visual research, documented by numerous essays, is closely linked to the central role that the author has recognized in the photographic gaze, in understanding a series of cognitive and social processes in modern capitalist societies. Her approach has highlighted, over a period ranging from the early Seventies to the early 2000s, a series of effects of construction and deconstruction in the formation of common sense, linking them to the settlement of forms of social intimacy with the photographic medium. Sontag’s long-standing interest in the history of photography, and in the evolution of consumer practices related to this medium, testifies to the political engine of her research: recognizing the principles of construction of social reality between representation, power of fiction and information overload, developing a critical understanding of capitalist society through the traffic of images that innervates it.
creator: Daniele Garritano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Daniele Garritano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 8
number: 2
starting page: 1
ending page: 19
doi: 10.54103/balthazar/28784

Un'intellettuale a metà tra due mondi
type: item
description: Susan Sontag’s essays on the vast topic of photography – mainly On Photography and Regarding the Pain of Others – are significant pieces of her philosophical thought, but also shed light on the importance that political activism had in Sontag’s life, at least since the start of the Vietnam War. In the two essays, both the theoretical and the practical frameworks are outlined in detail by the American philosopher, who significantly highlights the strict bonds that tie them together. Among these threads, the experience of travel occupies a very important space, because it allows Sontag to challenge her ideas and – at the same time – put into practice her thoughts. In this sense, the present article will analyse both the ontological and the aesthetical dimensions on one side and the political and ethical ones on the other of On photography and Regarding the pain of others and will point out as well how specific travels – to Hanoi for the former work and to Sarajevo for the latter – helped Sontag shape some of the ideas she expresses in these essays, mainly regarding war photography.
creator: Pietro Di Cesare
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pietro Di Cesare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 8
number: 2
starting page: 20
ending page: 46
doi: 10.54103/balthazar/28733

Susan Sontag between Theory and Autotheory
type: item
description: This creative critical essay initiates from the writer’s existential question about the use of pronouns as expression of one’s own identity. Susan Sontag’s Under the Sign of Saturn and Primarily Women (original Dutch title: Voornamelijk Vrouwen) by the renowned Dutch novelist and philosopher Connie Palmen, are the essay books that guide her through the quest for one’s own voice. As Sontag’s writings on theory are brought into dialogue with Palmen’s autotheoretical personal essays to gain new insights into the styles of both, the question of pronouns and identity is explored through the contribution to knowledge and self-knowledge from these two major sorts of essay writing.
creator: SYLVIA SOLAKIDI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sylvia Solakidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 8
number: 2
starting page: 47
ending page: 70
doi: 10.54103/balthazar/28770

Susan Sontag e il voyeurismo fotografico
type: item
description: The power of photography, its strength and its limits, were the subject of Susan Sontag's (1933-2004) attention mainly thanks to her two famous contributions on the subject: On Photography, published in 1977 as a collation of previously published texts in the “New York Review of Books”, and Regarding the Pain of Others published in 2003, shortly before the untimely death of the American writer and activist. The essays on photography that Susan Sontag left us have marked decades of visual culture, both in Italy and abroad, of discussions and reflections on the capacity of this medium to shape consciousness, modify perceptions, and condition information. And while it is true that the theme of the voyeurism of the photographic gaze was explored in depth in the 2003 essay on the experience of the brutal trauma of the fruition of war through images, it is above all the 1977 essay that is still considered a point of reference for a new way of reading and thinking about photography, placed in transversal and dynamic dialogue with other disciplines, first and foremost cinema. This contribution aims to return to rereading the origins of the theme of photographic voyeurism in Susan Sontag's thought, then declining it in her reading of Diane Arbus' poetics as a complex, fascinating, controversial case study.
creator: Federica Muzzarelli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Federica Muzzarelli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 8
number: 2
starting page: 71
ending page: 81
doi: 10.54103/balthazar/28745

Illness and War
type: item
description: This paper, building on Susan Sontag’s seminal works Illness as Metaphor (1978) and AIDS and Its Metaphors (1989), aims to offer a framework for reflecting on the meaning of illness and its metaphorical representations, particularly in the aftermath of the covid-19 pandemic. Sontag’s insights into how illness is often depicted using war metaphors – casting disease as an enemy to be fought – remain highly relevant today. The paper seeks to update these reflections by exploring how the same metaphorical language was employed during the recent pandemic. The objective is to critically examine how the limitations of war-based metaphors fail to capture the full complexity of the phenomena we have experienced. Moreover, it argues for a shift towards a new vocabulary centered on concepts like vulnerability and care, which better express the nuances of collective and individual experiences of illness. This shift in perspective compels us to rethink the metaphors that structure our understanding of illness, advocating for a move away from militaristic language that frames disease in terms of conquest and control, embracing a framework that foregrounds interconnectedness and common vulnerability. The third section will instead be dedicated to analyzing how the defensive strategies Sontag identified have also proven relevant to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, particularly within the Italian context. This will allow for a critique, as in Sontag’s time, of the metaphorization of illness and an exploration of whether other approaches may be possible. In particular, I will focus, albeit briefly, on how the language of the Ethics of Care can help us reflect on these situations and assess whether new and equally practical solutions are possible when addressing illness, both individual and collective.
creator: Claudia Manzione
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Claudia Manzione https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 8
number: 2
starting page: 82
ending page: 96
doi: 10.54103/balthazar/28615

Taking Our Feelings Towards Animals Seriously
type: item
description: Much of contemporary animal ethics can be read as a reaction to its rationalistic roots, trying to correct for an epistemically impoverished picture of moral cognition. This “affective turn” in animal ethics which seeks to take seriously the role of affective cognition in moral deliberation has been very fruitful but it has also resulted in a tendency to take affective intuitions as evidence against alienating, demanding or repulsive conclusions from traditional, principle-based universalist ethics. I argue that this is a mistake. Rather than elevating our affects to the position of evidence, taking their role in moral cognition seriously should actually make us more scrupulous in their use, not less. If moral cognition inescapably involves the use of feelings and emotions, I argue, then we must be especially careful to keep our feelings and emotions free from biases and fallacies. This will involve more intense alienation from and reevaluation of our affective intuition, not less.
creator: Konstantin Eckl
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Konstantin Eckl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
volume: 8
number: 2
starting page: 97
ending page: 114
doi: 10.54103/balthazar/29607