Vending Machines and Youth Access to Cigarettes in Ireland: A Cross-sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/2282-0930/29595Keywords:
tobacco, cigarettes, cigarette vending machines, youth, health promotionAbstract
Tobacco-related morbidity and mortality significantly adversely impact public health and well-being on a global scale. Most smokers start smoking before being legally of age to smoke. Cigarette vending machines are an acknowledged access route for underage smokers to access cigarettes. Using a convenience sample, this research uses an online survey to explore the willingness of adults to purchase a vending machine token for underage smokers. Over 12% of adults reported that they would buy such a token for a 17-year-old, while another 8.6% of respondents were unsure. Analysis revealed that smoking history and age were significant factors in predicting willingness to purchase a cigarette vending machine token for an underage smoker. As cigarette vending machines remain an access route for youths to cigarettes, this research supports the forthcoming legislation banning such machines in Ireland.
Downloads
References
1. Dai X, Gakidou E, Lopez AD. Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action. Tobacco Control 2022;31(2):129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056535
2. WHO. Tobacco. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/tobacco#tab=tab_1
3. He H, Pan Z, Wu J, Hu C, Bai L, Lyu J. Health Effects of Tobacco at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: Results From the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2022;24(6):864-870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab265
4. WHO. Tobacco and its environmental impact: an overview. Geneva: WHO, 2017.
5. WHO. Tobacco: poisoning our planet. Geneva: WHO, 2022.
6. Sunday S, Hanafin J, Clancy L. Increased smoking and e-cigarette use among Irish teenagers: a new threat to Tobacco Free Ireland 2025. ERJ Open Research 2021;7(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00438-2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00438-2021
7. Valentelyte G, Sheridan A, Kavanagh P, Doyle F, Sorensen J. Socioeconomic Variation in Tobacco Smoking Among the Adult Population in Ireland. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2024;http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae245
8. Department of Health. Healthy Ireland Survey 2024 Summary Report. Dublin: Department of Health; 2024. https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/healthy-ireland-survey-summary-report-2024.pdf.
9. Department of Health. Tobacco Free Ireland. Dublin: Department of Health, 2013. Available from: https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/tobacco-free-ireland.pdf
10. Kuijpers TG, Kunst AE, Willemsen MC. Policies that limit youth access and exposure to tobacco: a scientific neglect of the first stages of the policy process. BMC Public Health 2019;19:825. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7073-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7073-x
11. Gavin A, Költő A, Lunney L, Maloney R, Walker L, Gabhainn S, Kelly C. (2024) The Irish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study 2022. http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/tpc/11364610.13025/8whd-b114.
12. Houghton F. Tobacco control and cigarette vending machines in Ireland: time to quit! Irish Journal of Medical Science 2020;189(2):449-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11845-019-02111-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-019-02111-7
13. Houghton F. Time to Tackle the Basics of Tobacco Control: Revisiting a Ban on Cigarette Vending Machines in Ireland. Irish Medical Journal. 2023;116(5):779.
14. Nuyts PAW, Hewer RMF, Kuipers MAG, Lorant V, Grard A, Hill S, Amos A. Youth Access to Cigarettes Across Seven European Countries: A Mixed-Methods Study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2020; 22(11):1989-1996. 2020. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz180
15. Vuolo M, Kelly BC, Kadowaki J. Impact of Total Vending Machine Restrictions on US Young Adult Smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2016. 18(11):2092-2099. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26769983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw150
16. WHO. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Geneva: WHO, 2003.
17. Government of Ireland. Statutory Instrument (S.I.) No. 42/2009 - Public Health (Tobacco) (Self Service Vending Machines) Regulations 2009. Dublin: Government of Ireland, 2009.
18. Donaghy E, Bauld L, Eadie D, McKell J, Pringle B, Amos A. A qualitative study of how young Scottish smokers living in disadvantaged communities get their cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;(12):2053–2059. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt095
19. Houghton F. Technological Universities in Ireland: The New Imperative. Irish Journal of Academic Practice 2020;8(1):12. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijap/vol8/iss1/12
20. Health Services Executive. The State of Tobacco Control in Ireland 2022 HSE. Dublin: HSE Tobacco Free Ireland Programme, 2022.
21. Houghton F. Nature imagery on cigarette vending machines in Ireland: A lacuna in tobacco control. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation 2019;5(November). http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/tpc/113646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/113646
22. Chatterjee DK. Moral Distance: Introduction. The Monist 2003;86(3):327–332. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27903827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/monist200386316
23. Eyal, T., Liberman, N. Morality and psychological distance: A construal level theory perspective. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 185–202). American Psychological Association; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1037/13091-010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/13091-010
24. Government of Ireland. Public Health (Tobacco) (Amendment) Bill 2024. Dublin: Government of Ireland, 2024.
25. Houghton, F., Lombard, J. Notes From A Small Island: Ireland Passes Tobacco 21 (T21) Legislation. New Zealand Medical Journal 2025;138(1613):100-103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26635/6965.6867
26. Fitzgerald C. The government wants to ban cigarette vending machines, but a big supplier says it will challenge them in court. The Journal 2016 August 17. https://www.thejournal.ie/cigarette-vending-machines-ban-2930517-Aug2016/
27. O'Regan E. Cigarette vending machines to be banned in bid to stub out underage smoking. Irish Independent 2024 May 31. https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/cigarette-vending-machines-to-be-banned-in-bid-to-stub-out-under-age-smoking/a783293215.html
28. Government of Ireland. The Public Health (Tobacco Products and Nicotine Inhaling Products) Act 2023. Dublin: Government of Ireland, 2023.
29. Disclosures Tribunal. First interim report of the tribunal of inquiry into protected disclosures made under the Protected Disclosures Act 2014 and certain other matters. Dublin: Disclosures Tribunal, 2017.
30. Disclosures Tribunal. Second interim report of the tribunal of inquiry into protected disclosures made under the Protected Disclosures Act 2014 and certain other matters. Dublin: Disclosures Tribunal, 2017..
31. Disclosures Tribunal. Third interim report of the tribunal of inquiry into protected disclosures made under the Protected Disclosures Act 2014 and certain other matters. Dublin: Disclosures Tribunal, 2022.
32. Houghton F, Lombard J. An Examination of the Enforcement of Ireland’s Public Health (Alcohol) Act 2018: A Paper Tiger. ADDICTA: Turkish Journal on Addictions 2024;11(3):324-330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2024.24165
33. Lynch MJ, Stretesky PB, Long MA. Environmental crime prosecutions in Ireland, 2004–2014. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 2019;43(4):277–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2019.1615520
34. Houghton F. Ireland's Public Health (Alcohol) Act, 2018: A lack of enforcement. Journal of Public Health 2023;45(1):e130–e131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab397
35. Houghton F, Lombard J. Examining Tobacco Control Enforcement in Ireland 2014-2023: An Observational Study. Perspectives in Public Health (forthcoming).
36. McNally T. Government delays introduction of alcohol warning labels until 2028. The Irish Times 2025 July 22. https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/politics/arid-41673959.html
37. Edwards R, Bullen C, Hoek J, Tukuitonga C, Waa A, Walker N. Public health vandalism: new Government scraps world-leading smokefree legislation. New Zealand Medical Journal 2023;136(1587):9-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26635/6965.e1587
38. Houghton F. Prolonging the Tobacco Endgame in Aotearoa/ New Zealand: A Tragedy with Global Implications. Medicina Internacia Revuo - International Medicine Review 2024;31(122):16-19.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Alwalid Ali, Frank Houghton, Jennifer Moran Stritch, John Lombard

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2025-08-25
Published 2025-09-10


