The myth of mankind and the representation of people in Late 18th-century British dictionaries of trade and commerce

Autori

  • Elisabetta Lonati Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” image/svg+xml

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54103/2282-0035/23075

Parole chiave:

Popolo, umanità, lessicografia del XVIII secolo, scambi e commerci, nazione e paese

Abstract

Lo studio ha come obiettivo l’analisi dei termini mankind e people in due opere lessicografiche dedicate al commercio e pubblicate a Londra intorno alla metà degli anni ’50 del Settecento. Si tratta di A New Dictionary of Trade and Commerce di Rolt (1756) e di The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce di Postlethwayt (1757). Una panoramica degli stessi termini nei dizionari universali di arti e scienze pubblicati sia nella prima, sia nella seconda metà del secolo (cfr. References, Primary Sources), sarà utile per definire il quadro di riferimento storico-culturale e storico-sociale più in generale. A partire dai termini chiave mankind e people, la rispettiva frequenza d’uso e la loro rilevanza nei due dizionari ND e UD, la ricerca si amplia per includere altri termini a essi associati (e.g. locuzioni e strutture sintattiche nelle quali mankind e people ricorrono) e categorie semantiche (e.g. contesti d’uso specifici: condizione sociale, sistema di valori, demografia, identità e cittadinanza, etc.). Le voci lessicografiche, i rinvii, e le locuzioni si combinano e strutturano una rete complessa sia sul piano lessicografico, sia sul piano lessicologico. Tale rete di rapporti, oltre a fornire informazioni e contenuti relativi ad ambiti specifici, mette in luce il principio gerarchico che governa la società inglese della tarda modernità. In particolare, people si declina in una miriade di entità. I dizionari che hanno come oggetto il commercio, gli scambi, e la società del periodo sono fonti documentarie estremamente ricche sul piano contenutistico, ma anche veicolo molto incisivo di prospettive ideologiche.

Biografia autore

Elisabetta Lonati, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”

Elisabetta Lonati (MA, PhD) is Associate Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of Eastern Piedmont “Amedeo Avogadro” (Vercelli – Italy) where she teaches English Linguistics and the History of the English Language for the BA (Foreign Languages) and the MA (Languages, Cultures, and Tourism). Her research is mainly focussed on Early and Late Modern English lexicology and lexicography. The main topics of interest are: the origin, elaboration and classification of English technical and scientific vocabulary in eighteenth-century encyclopaedic works (universal dictionaries of arts and sciences, medical dictionaries); the language of identity and ideology (dictionaries of trade and commerce); the language of law, crime and punishment (focus on ethics, pain, penalty). Her present studies are devoted to the investigation of medical writing, and to the elaboration of British medical discourse in a variety of texts to be analysed in their historical and sociolinguistic contexts (textbooks, manuals of instruction, reference works in general). Further studies include: 18th-century medical paratext (prefaces, introductory sections, tables of contents, and indices, appendices, glossaries); the language of medical ethics; the linguistic and textual representation of midwifery over time; Late Modern English translation and dissemination of British medical works into Italian (DiachronicTS and cultural translation; second hand translation). She has published a book titled Communicating Medicine. British Medical Discourse in 18th-century Reference Works (Di/Segni, Ledizioni, Milano 2017).

Riferimenti bibliografici

PRIMARY SOURCES

AA.VV. (1768-)1771 : Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences […], Edinburgh, 1768-1771.

CHAMBERS 1728 : E. Chambers, Cyclopaedia: or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences […], London, 1728.

JOHNSON 1755 : S. Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language [...], London, 1755.

POSTLETHWAYT 1749 : M. Postlethwayt, A Dissertation on the Plan, Use, and Importance, of the Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce; Translated from the French of the late Celebrated Mons. Savary […]. London, 1749.

POSTLETHWAYT 1757 : M. Postlethwayt, The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, [...], London, 1757 [2nd ed.; 1st ed. 1751-55].

ROLT 1756 : R. Rolt, A New Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, [...], London, 1756.

SECONDARY SOURCES

ANTHONY 2019 : L. ANTHONY, AntConc (Version 3.5.8.) [Computer Software], Tokyo, Japan, Waseda University. Available from https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software

BÄCKLUND 2006 : I. BÄCKLUND, Modifiers describing women and men in nineteenth-century English, in Nineteenth-Century English. Stability and Change, a cura di M. Kytö, M. Rydén, E. Smitterberg, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 17-55.

BENNET 2011 : R.J. Bennet, Malachy Postlethwayt 1707-67: Genealogy and Influence of an Early Economist and “Spin-doctor”, «Genealogist’s Magazine» 1 (2011), pp. 1-8.

BERG (van den) 2017 : R. Berg (van den), “A judicious and industrious compiler”: Mapping Postlethwayt’s Dictionary of Commerce, «The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought» 24, 6 (2017), pp. 1167-1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2017.1388419

FERRERO 1993 : B. Ferrero, Samuel Johnson, Richard Rolt, and the Universal Visiter, «The Review of English Studies» 44, 174 (1993), pp. 176-186.

GEERAERTS 2010 : D. Geeraerts, Theories of Lexical Semantics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.

GROENEWEGEN 2021 [2004]: P. Groenewegen, Postlethwayt, Malachy (1707-1767), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), [2004] 2021.

HOPPIT 1996 : J. Hoppit, Political Arithmetic in Eighteenth-century England, «Economic History Review» XLIX, 3 (1996), pp. 516-540.

KYTÖ – RYDÉN – SMITTERBERG 2006 : Nineteenth-Century English. Stability and Change, a cura di M. Kytö, M. Rydén, E. Smitterberg, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

LONATI 2012 : E. Lonati, “Riches; money, or precious goods”: The Lexis of Wealth in Modern English, in English Dictionaries as Cultural Mines, a cura di R. Facchinetti, Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 7-34.

LONATI 2014 : E. Lonati, “And trade is so noble a master”: Promoting and Censoring Commerce in 18th-century British Encyclopaedias, in Enforcing and Eluding Censorship. British and Anglo-Italian Perspectives, a cura di G. Iannàccaro, G. Iamartino, Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 197-216.

LONATI 2020 : E. Lonati, The Mercantile Discovery of the World: “Geographical Commodities” in 18th-Century Dictionaries of Trade and Commerce, in The Language of Discovery, Exploration and Settlement, a cura di N. Brownlees, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 228-247.

MOKYR 2005 : J. Mokyr, The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth, «The Journal of Economic History» 65, 2 (2005), pp. 285-351.

MOKYR 2009 : J. Mokyr, The Enlightened Economy. Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1850, London, Penguin Books, 2009.

RIZZO 2004 : B. Rizzo, Rolt, Richard (bap. 1724, d. 1770), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB), 2004.

YEO 2001 : R. Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions. Scientific Dictionaries in Enlightenment Culture, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Pubblicato

2024-05-03

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