FARMACI ANTIMICROBICI
ASPETTI CHIMICI, RESISTENZA, MONITORAGGIO E RICADUTE AMBIENTALI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/0300-3485/20736Parole chiave:
RESISTENZA AGLI ANTIBIOTICI, MECCANISMI BIOCHIMICI, DISSEMINAZIONE, COSTO DI BENESSERE, TRASFERIMENTO GENICO ORIZZONTALE, RISCHI PER LA SALUTE UMANA, ECOLOGIA MICROBICA, RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS, BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS, SPREADING FITNESS COST, HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER, HUMAN HEALTH RISK, MICROBIC ECOLOGYAbstract
(ITA)
Negli ultimi anni è emerso il grave problema della resistenza agli antibiotici nei microrganismi, che rappresenta una profonda minaccia per la salute globale.
I microrganismi resistenti ai farmaci provenienti da fonti antropogeniche e allevamenti zootecnici di tipo intensivo hanno posto serie sfide ambientali e sanitarie.
I geni resistenti agli antibiotici che costituiscono il “resistoma” ambientale vengono trasferiti a batteri patogeni dell’uomo e degli animali. E’ estremamente importante comprendere l’origine ed il meccanismo di trasferimento di questi fattori genetici in agenti patogeni per poter elaborare strategie di interventi terapeutici idonei a limitare le infezioni, ma anche per scongiurare la minaccia della resistenza microbica ai farmaci.
Per intraprendere misure preventive è quindi fondamentale indagare in quali condizioni e fino a che punto avviene la selezione ambientale per la resistenza. Tuttavia, manca ancora una comprensione più profonda dei processi evolutivi ed ecologici che portano alla comparsa clinica dei geni di resistenza ed alla conoscenza delle barriere di dispersione ambientale. Medici, veterinari e chimici sono chiamati a lavorare insieme con l’obiettivo comune di prevenire l’esposizione superflua di agenti patogeni agli antibiotici in contesti non clinici.
(ENG)
In recent years the severe problem of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms has emerged hence representing a deep threat to global health.
Microorganisms resistant to drugs deriving from anthropogenic sources and intensive livestock farming have set serious environmental and health challenges.
Antibiotic-resistant genes that form the environmental “resistoma” are transferred to human and animal pathogenic bacteria. It’s extremely important to comprehend the origin and transfer mechanisms of such genetic factors in pathogenic agents in order to elaborate therapeutic intervention strategies, consequently limiting infections and preventing microbic resistance to drugs.
In order to take preventive measures it is therefore fundamental to investigate in what conditions and at what point the environmental selection for resistance takes place. However, what is still lacking is a deeper insight of the evolutionary and ecological processes that lead to the clinical appearance of resistance genes and to the understanding of environmental dispersion barriers. Doctors, veterinaries, and chemists are called upon to work together with the common goal of preventing unnecessary exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical contexts.
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