Cara, vecchia metonimia: un ritorno inatteso
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13130/2037-2426/13386Keywords:
restricted rhetoric; metonymy; metaphor; emotions; inferential reasoning; neuro-rhetoric.Abstract
The countless changes in rhetorical studies have brought the classic “art of discourse” to a systematic breakdown: first, only in favor of elocutio, then, of poetic lexis and finally, of metaphor. The innumerable changes in rhetoric have led the classic “art of speaking” to a systematic breakdown, first in favor only of elocutio, then of poetic lexis, finally of metaphor. The metonymy was most affected by the new structure of “tropological reduction”. After a moment of success, starting from the last two decades of the twentieth century, the metonymy was mistreated and downgraded to a second-rate trope compared to the metaphor. In the last fifteen years, thanks to cognitive sciences and neurosciences, the scientific community has started to recognize metonymy as a primary role in the cognitive ecosystem. The metonymy has even been recognized as superior at a bio-evolutionary and neuro-physiological level, compared to the metaphor, considered a secondary phenomenon and more disconnected from the experiential spheres of the daily habitat. The functioning of the brain is programmed to use metonymies thanks to both the ability of inferential reasoning and the fact that emotions and physiological symptoms are linked in an incessant metonymic operation. In particular, this occurs when conditioned stimuli predict and subsume unconditioned emotions. In this way impulse self-control is encouraged.
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Ricoeur, Paul. La metafora viva. Dalla retorica alla poetica: per un linguaggio di rivelazione. Traduzione di Giuseppe Grampa, Jaca Book, 1981.
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Saussure, Ferdinand de. Corso di linguistica generale. Traduzione di Tullio De Mauro, La-terza, 2005.
Shibles, Warren A. Metaphor: An annotated bibliography and history. Language Press, 1971.
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Bertinetto, Pier Marco. “Introduzione.” Metonimia e metafora, Albert Henry, Einaudi, 1975, pp. v-xii.
Bianchi, Angela. “Metafora e metonimia nel processo polisemico: Saussure, Jakob-son, Lacan e i colori delle lingue.” AIΩN - Annali del Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Lin-guistici e Comparati. Sezione Linguistica, vol. 6, 2017, pp. 11-52.
Boyd, Brian. On the origin of Stories. Evolution, cognition and fiction. Belknap Press of Har-vard University Press, 2009.
Bottiroli, Giovanni. Retorica della creatività. Paravia, 1987.
Calabrese, Stefano. Storie di vita. Come gli individui si raccontano nel mondo. Mimesis, 2018.
Cohen, Jean. Struttura del linguaggio poetico. Traduzione di Marcella Grandi. Il Mulino, 1974.
Damiani, Matteo. “Metonimia e ideologia.” Rhêtorikê, vol. 2, 2009, pp. 67-92.
––––. Manuale di semantica cognitiva. Libreriauniversitaria.it Edizioni, 2016.
Ding, Fangfang. “The interaction between metaphor and metonymy in emotion ca-tegory.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 2, no. 11, 2012, pp. 2384-97.
––––. “Rethinking the cognitive study of metonymy.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 5, no. 9, 2015, pp. 1836-41.
Dirven, René. “Metaphors as a basic means of extending the lexicon.” The ubiquity of metaphor. Metaphor in language and thought, a cura di Wolf Paprotté e René Dirven, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985, pp. 85-119.
Eco, Umberto. Trattato di semiotica generale. Bompiani, 1975.
––––. Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio. Einaudi, 1984.
Fauconnier, Gilles e Marc Turner. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. Basic Books, 2002.
Feyaerts, Kurt. “Defining the Inheritance Hypothesis: Interaction between metapho-ric and metonymic hierarchies.” Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: A cognitive perspecti-ve, a cura di Antonio Barcelona, Mouton de Gruyter, 2000, pp. 59-78.
Frisson, Steven e Martin J. Pickering. “The processing of metonymy: evidence from eye movements.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 25, no. 6, 1999, pp. 1366-83.
Genette, Gérard. Figure III. Discorso del racconto. Traduzione di Lina Zecchi. Einaudi, 2006.
Goossens, Luis. “Metaphtonymy: The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in ex-pressions for linguistic action.” Cognitive Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 3, 1990, pp. 323-40.
––––. “From three respectable horses’ mouth. Metonymy and conventionalization in a diachronically differentiated data base.” By word of mouth. Metaphor, metonymy and lingui-stic action in a cognitive perspective, a cura di Luis Goossens et al., John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995, pp. 175-204.
Henry, Albert. Metonimia e metafora. Traduzione di Pier Marco Bertinetto. Einaudi, 1975.
Jakobson, Roman. Saggi di linguistica generale. Traduzione di Luigi Heilmann e Letizia Grassi, Feltrinelli, 1966, pp. 22-55.
Kövecses, Zoltán. Metaphor and emotion: Language, culture, and body in human feeling. Cam-bridge University Press, 2000.
––––. “Metaphor and metonymy in folk and expert theories of emotion.” Metaphor in Communication, Science and Education, a cura di Francesca Ervas et al., Mouton de Gruyter, 2017, pp. 29-41.
Kövecses, Zoltán e Günter Radden. “Towards a theory of metonymy.” Metonymy in language and thought, a cura di Klaus-Uwe Panther e Günter Radden, 1999, pp. 17-60.
Kuleshov Lev V. Kuleshov on Film: Writings. University of California Press, 1974.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, George e Mark Johnson, Metafora e vita quotidiana. Traduzione di Patrizia Vio-li, Bompiani, 1998.
Lausberg, Heinrich. Elementi di retorica. Traduzione di Lea Ritter Santini. Il Mulino, 1969.
Littlemore, Jeannette. Metonymy: Hidden Shortcuts in Language, Thought and Communica-tion. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Longo, Giuseppe. Cognizione ed emozione: processi di interpretazione del testo letterario dalle neu-roscienze cognitive all’educazione emotiva. Pensa Multimedia, 2011.
Lorenz, Konrad. L’altra faccia dello specchio. Per una storia naturale della conoscenza. Tradu-zione di Claudia Beltramo Ceppi. Adelphi, 1974.
Lowder, Matthew W. e Peter C. Gordon. “It’s hard to offend the college: effects of sentence structure on figurative-language processing.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, vol. 39, no. 4, 2013, pp. 993-1011.
Mortara Garavelli, Bice. Manuale di retorica. Bompiani, 2018.
Neri, Laura. I campi della retorica: letteratura, argomentazione, discorso. Carocci, 2011.
Nerlich, Brigitte, David, Clarke, e Zazie Todd. “‘Mummy, I like being a sandwich’: metonymy in language acquisition.” Metonymy in Language and Thought, a cura di Klaus-Uwe Panther e Günter Radden, John Benjamins, 1999, pp. 361-84.
Neuendorf, Kimberly et al. The role of post-production formal features in the prediction of pres-ence. Paper presented to the International Society for Presence Research ‘Presence Live!’ conference, Philadelphia, PA, October, 2012.
Niemeier, Susanne. “Straight from the heart. Metonymic and metaphorical explora-tions.” Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: A cognitive perspective, a cura di Antonio Barce-lona, Mouton de Gruyter, 2000, pp. 195-213.
Norrick, Neal R. Semiotic Principles in Semantic Theory. Benjamins, 1981.
Pramling, Niklas e Ingrid Pramling-Samuelsson, “The prosaics of figurative language in preschool: some observations and suggestions for research.” Early Child Development and Care, vol. 179, no. 30, 2009, pp. 329-38.
Qian, Li. “Metonymic-Based Metaphor. A Case Study on the Cognitive Interpretation of “Heart” in English and Chinese.” Higher Education Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 2016, pp. 131-7.
Radden, Günter. “How metonymic are metaphors?,” Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: A cognitive perspective, a cura di Antonio Barcelona, Mouton de Gruyter, 2000, pp. 93-108.
Rapp, Alexander M. et al. “Neural correlates of metonymy resolution.” Brain and lan-guage, vol. 119, no. 3, 2011, pp. 196-205.
Ricoeur, Paul. La metafora viva. Dalla retorica alla poetica: per un linguaggio di rivelazione. Traduzione di Giuseppe Grampa, Jaca Book, 1981.
Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida. “Metaphor, schema, invariance: The case of verbs of answe-ring. By word of mouth.” Metaphor, metonymy and linguistic action in a cognitive perspective, a cura di Luis Goossens et al. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995, pp. 205-43.
Rundblad, Gabriella e Dagmara Annaz. “Metaphor and metonymy comprehension: receptive vocabulary and conceptual knowledge.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology, vol. 28, no. 3, 2010, pp. 547-63.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Corso di linguistica generale. Traduzione di Tullio De Mauro, La-terza, 2005.
Shibles, Warren A. Metaphor: An annotated bibliography and history. Language Press, 1971.
Smith, Edward E. e Stephen M. Kosslyn. Psicologia cognitiva: mente e cervello. Traduzione di Cesare Cavalera, Barbara Diana e Patrice Rusconi, Pearson, 2014.
Turri, Maria G. “La logica delle emozioni: una teoria che precorre le scoperte neu-roscientifiche.” Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, vol. 2, pp. 215-32.
Wertheim, Julia e Marco Ragni. “The neural correlates of relational reasoning: A me-ta-analysis of 47 functional magnetic resonance studies.” Journal of cognitive neuroscience, vol. 30, no. 11, 2018, pp. 1734-48.
Wojciechowska, Sylwia e Konrad M. Juszczyk. “Metaphor metonymy and emo-tions.” Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, vol. 50, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1-13.
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2020-06-17
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Conti, V., & Calabrese, S. (2020). Cara, vecchia metonimia: un ritorno inatteso. ENTHYMEMA, (25), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.13130/2037-2426/13386
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Received 2020-04-30
Accepted 2020-06-17
Published 2020-06-17
Accepted 2020-06-17
Published 2020-06-17
