The Organa of Reason Visual Thinking between New Media and Old Habits
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/2039-9251/25177Abstract
The paper is divided into three paragraphs, which explore the aesthetic and poietic nature of habits of thought, highlighting the concurrently sensitive and plural dimensions of their “clothes”. In § 1, the focus is mainly on visual argument studies and visual studies, questioning whether a “logic” of the image must necessarily resolve itself into other than logic. §§ 2-3 delve into the aesthetic-mediological conditions of knowledge production and dissemination, distinguishing between an alphabetic (§ 2) and a “post-alphabetic” (§ 3) phase. § 2 critically examines the issue of “scriptism” ingrained in Western epistemological practices, contending that the linguistic bias within logic reflects a textual bias, according to which the alphabetic-typographic word is deemed the exclusive conduit for rigorous and higher-order knowledge. In contrast, § 3 observes a transformative shift associated with digital media, underscoring the growing importance of the visual in knowledge, and outlining the question of epistemic injustice fuelled by traditional research practices, which tend to sideline visual ways of thinking. The conclusions suggest that as the organa of reason are increasingly “visivizing” or “aestheticizing”, it is at least limiting to remain firm in the belief that this will have no profound impact on the structure of the logos itself.
Downloads
References
Alcolea-Banegas, J., Visual Arguments in Film, in “Argumentation”, 23/2, 2009, pp. 259-275.
Arnheim, R., Il pensiero visivo. La percezione visiva come attività conoscitiva (1969), tr. it. di R. Pedio, Einaudi, Torino 1974.
Baird, D., Things Knowledge: A Philosophy of Scientific Instruments, University of California Press, Berkeley 2004.
Barceló Aspeitia, A. A., Words and Images in Argumentation, in “Argumentation”, 26/3, 2012, pp. 355-368.
Birdsell, D. S., Groarke, L., Outlines of a Theory of Visual Argument, in “Argumentation and Advocacy”, 43, 2007, pp. 103-113.
Birdsell, D. S., Groarke, L., Toward a Theory of Visual Argument, in “Argumentation and Advocacy”, 33, 1996, pp. 1-10.
Blair, J. A., The Possibility and Actuality of Visual Arguments, in “Argumentation and Advocacy”, 33, 1996, pp. 23-39.
Blair, J. A., The Rhetoric of Visual Arguments, in M. Helmers, C. A. Hill (eds.), Defining Visual Rhetorics, Lawrence Erlbaum, Malwah 2004, pp. 137-151.
Boehm, G., La svolta iconica. Modernità, identità, potere, tr. it. di G. Di Monte, M. Di Monte, Meltemi, Roma 2009.
Bogost, I., Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 2007.
Bolter, J. D., Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah 2001.
Börner, K., Atlas of Forecasts: Modeling and Mapping Desirable Futures, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2021.
Börner, K., Atlas of Knowledge: Anyone Can Map, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2015.
Börner, K., Atlas of Science: Visualizing What We Know, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2010.
Bourdieu, P., Il senso pratico (1980), tr. it. di M. Piras, Armando, Roma 2005.
Carboni, M., L’occhio e la pagina. Tra immagine e parola, Jaca Book, Milano 2018.
Carreras, G., Philographics: Big Ideas in Simple Shapes, Bis, Amsterdam 2013.
Cazeaux, C., Art, Research, Philosophy, Routledge, London-New York 2017.
Champagne, M., Pietarinen, A.‐V., Why Images Cannot be Arguments, But Moving Ones Might, in “Argumentation”, 34/2, 2020, pp. 207-236.
Chiurazzi, G., Seconda natura. Da Lascaux al digitale, Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino 2021.
Coccia, E., La norma iconica, in “Politica & Società”, 1, 2015, pp. 61-80.
Coeckelbergh M., Introduction to Philosophy of Technology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2020.
diSessa, A. A., Changing Minds: Computers, Learning, and Literacy, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2001.
Dondero, M. G., I linguaggi dell’immagine. Dalla pittura ai Big Visual Data (2020), tr. it. di F. La Mantia, Meltemi, Milano 2020.
Drucker, J., Visualization and Interpretation: Humanistic Approaches to Display, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2020.
Eco, U., La struttura assente, Bompiani, Milano 1968.
Eide, B. L., Eide, F. F., The Dyslexic Advantage: Unlocking the Hidden Potential of the Dyslexic Brain, Hudson Street Press, New York 2011.
Elkins, J., An Introduction to the Visual as Argument, in J. Elkins, K. McGuire (eds.), Theorizing Visual Studies: Writing Through the Discipline, Routledge, London-New York 2013, pp. 25-60.
Falcinelli, R., Critica portatile al visual design. Da Gutenberg ai social network, Einaudi, Torino 2014.
Falcinelli, R., Figure. Come funzionano le immagini dal Rinascimento a Instagram, Einaudi, Torino 2020.
Fleming, D., Can Pictures be Arguments?. in “Argumentation and Advocacy”, 33, 1996, pp. 11-22.
Flusser, V., Does Writing Have a Future? (1987), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 2011.
Fodor, J., The Revenge of the Given, in B. McLaughlin, J. Cohen (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell, Oxford 2007, pp. 105-116.
Fricker, M., Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
Furth, H. G., Pensiero senza linguaggio. Implicazioni psicologiche della sordità (1966), tr. it. di N. Greppi Collu, Armando, Roma 1971.
Gilger, J. W., Beyond a Reading Disability, in “Annals of Dyslexia”, 67/2, 2017, pp. 109-113.
Godden, D., On the Norms of Visual Argument: A Case for Normative Nonrevisionism, in “Argumentation”, 31/2, 2017, pp. 395-431.
Goodman, N., I linguaggi dell’arte (1968), tr. it. di F. Brioschi, il Saggiatore, Milano 1976.
Gourlay, L., Multimodality, Argument and the Persistence of Written Text, in E. Breuer, A. Archer (eds.), Multimodality in Higher Education, Brill, Leiden 2016, pp. 79-90.
Grandin, T., How does Visual Thinking Work in the Mind of a Person with Autism?, in “Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B”, 364/1522, 2009, pp. 1437-1442.
Grandin, T., Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns and Abstractions, Rider, London 2022, pp. 1-2.
Groarke, L., Beyond Words: Two Dogmas of Informal Logic, in H. V. Hansen, R. C. Pinto (eds.), Reason Reclaimed, Vale Press, Newport News 2007, pp. 135-155.
Groarke, L., Logic, Art and Argument, in “Informal Logic”, 18, 1996, pp. 105-129.
Gruppo μ, Trattato del segno visivo. Per una retorica dell’immagine (1992), tr. it. di T. Migliore, I. Vitali, Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2007.
Hall, G., The Digital Humanities Beyond Computing: A Postscript, in “Culture Machine”, 12, 2011, pp. 1-11.
Harris, R., Rationality and the Literate Mind, Routledge, London-New York 2009.
Harris, R., Rethinking Writing, Continuum, London-New York 2001.
Hayles, N. K., Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational, Columbia University Press, New York 2021.
Heffernan, J. A. W., Cultivating Picturacy: Visual Art and Verbal Interventions, Baylor University Press, Waco 2006.
Hill, C. A., The Psychology of Rhetorical Images, in M. Helmers, C. A. Hill (eds.), Defining Visual Rhetorics, Lawrence Erlbaum, Malwah 2004., pp. 25-40.
Ivins Jr., W. M., Prints and Visual Communication, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA) 1953.
Johnson, R. H., Why “Visual Arguments” aren’t Arguments, in “Il@25. International Symposium on Informal Logic”, Windsor, Ontario 2003.
Károlyi, C. v., Winner, E., Gray, W., Sherman, G. F., Dyslexia Linked to Talent: Global Visual-spatial Ability, in “Brain and Language”, 85/3, 2003, pp. 427-431.
Kidd, I. J., Medina, J., Pohlhaus Jr., G. (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice, Routledge, London-New York 2017.
Kittler, F.A., Grammophon Film Typewriter (1986), Stanford University Press, Stanford 1999.
Kjeldsen, J. E., Visual Rhetorical Argumentation, in “Semiotica”, 220, 2018, pp. 69-94.
Knorr-Cetina, K., Viskurse der Physik: Konsensbildung und visuelle Darstellung, in B. Heintz, J. Huber (Hrsgs.), Mit dem Auge denken: Strategien der Sichtbarmachung in wissenschaftlichen und virtuellen Welten, Voldemeer, Zurich 2001, pp. 304-320.
Lake, R. A., Pickering, B. A., Argumentation, the Visual, and the Possibility of Refutation: An Exploration, in “Argumentation and Advocacy”, 12, 1998, pp. 79-93.
Lussu, G., La grafica è scrittura, in “Lineagrafica”, 5, 1991, pp. 14-19.
Lussu, G., La lettera uccide. Storie di grafica, Nuovi Equilibri, Viterbo 2003.
Manovich, L., Cultural Analytics. L’analisi computazionale della cultura (2020), tr. it. di A. Maraschi, Cortina, Milano 2023.
McCloud, S., Capire, fare e reinventare il fumetto (1993-2006), tr. it. di L. Favia, BAO, Milano 2018.
McDowell, J., Mente e mondo (1994), tr. it. di C. Nizzo, Einaudi, Torino 1999.
Mersch, D., Pictorial Thinking: On the “Logic” of Iconic Structures, in Ž. Paić, K. Purgar (eds.), Theorizing Images, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne 2016, pp. 162-183.
Mitchell, W. J. T., Pictorial Turn. Saggi di cultura visuale, tr. it. di A. L. Carbone, F. Mazzara, V. Cammarata, Cortina, Milano 2017.
Mitchell, W. J. T., Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representations, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1994.
Molinari, J., What Makes Writing Academic: Rethinking Theory for Practice, Bloomsbury, London-New York 2022.
Montani, P., L’immaginazione intermediale. Perlustrare, rifigurare, testimoniare il mondo visibile, Meltemi, Milano 2022.
Mosselaer, N. v. d., Gualeni, S., Game Studies through “Conceptual Games”: The case of Doors (the game), in “Proceedings of DiGRA International Conference”, Sevilla, June 19-23, 2023.
Munari, B., Da cosa nasce cosa. Appunti per una metodologia progettuale, Laterza, Roma-Bari 2017.
Noë, A., Strani strumenti. L’arte e la natura umana (2015), tr. it. di V. Santarcangelo, Einaudi, Torino 2022.
Patterson, S. W., “A Picture Held Us Captive”: The later Wittgenstein on Visual Argumentation, in “Cogency. Journal of Reasoning and Argumentation”, 2/2, 2010, pp. 105-134.
Pezzano, G., Are We Done With (Wordy) Manifestos? Towards an Introverted Digital Humanism, in “Journal of Responsible Technology”, 17, 2024, pp. 1-7.
Pezzano, G., D1git4l-m3nte. Antropologia filosofica e umanità digitale, FrancoAngeli, Milano 2024.
Pezzano, G., Giochi mentali. Si può filosofare tramite i videogame? [Filosofia dei media (Livelli 1 e 3 – game demo)], in “Philosophy Kitchen”, 19, 2023, pp. 131-146.
Pezzano, G., Il mito della parola scritta. Filosofia dei media (Livello 0 – beta version), in “Lessico di etica pubblica”, XIII/1, 2022, pp. 157-178.
Pezzano, G., La filosofia al tempo dei nuovi media. Sini e la “ripratica” della scrittura, in “Il Pensiero”, LXII/2, 2023, pp. 197-214.
Pezzano, G., Ways of Thinking: Towards a Pluralistic and Inclusive Understanding of Thinking Habitus, in “Aisthesis. Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell’estetico”, 17/1, 2024.
Piazza, M., L’antagonista necessario. La filosofia francese dell’abitudine da Montaigne a Deleuze, Mimesis, Milano-Udine 2015.
Popa, O. E., We Have Yet to See the “Visual Argument”, in “Multimodal Communication”, 5/2, 2016, pp. 79-92.
Preti, G., Retorica e logica. Le due culture, Bompiani, Milano 2018.
Remotti, F., Cultura. Dalla complessità all’impoverimento, Laterza, Roma-Bari 2011.
Roque, G., Should Visual Arguments Be Propositional in Order to Be Argument?, in “Argumentation”, 29/2, 2015, pp. 177-195.
Roque, G., What Is Visual in Visual Argumentation?. in “OSSA Conference Archive”, 137, 2009, pp. 1-9.
Roth, W.-M., Han, J. Y., Pozzer-Ardenghi, L., Critical Graphicacy: Understanding Visual Representation Practices in School Science, Springer, Dordrecht 2005.
Sacks, O., Vedere voci. Un viaggio nel mondo dei sordi (1990), tr. it. di C. Sborgi, Adelphi, Milano 1991.
Schneps, M. H., Brockmole, J. R., Rose, L. T., Pomplun, M., Sonnert, G., Greenhill, L. J., Dyslexia Linked to Visual Strengths Useful in Astronomy, in “Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society”, 43/1, 2011, p. 21508.
Sloterdijk, P., Devi cambiare la tua vita. Sull’antropotecnica (2009), tr. it. di S. Franchini, Cortina, Milano 2010.
Sontag, S., Sulla fotografia. Realtà e immagine nella nostra società (1973), tr. it. di E. Capriolo, Einaudi, Torino 1978.
Sousanis, N., Unflattening, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA) 2015.
Staley, D., On the “Maker Turn” in the Humanities, in J. Sayers (ed.), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 2017, pp. 32-41.
Tarnay, L., The Conceptual Basis of Visual Argumentation: A Case for Arguing in and through Moving Images, in F. H. v. Eemeren, J. A. Blair, C. A. Willard, A. F. Snoeck Henkemans, Proceedings of the Fifth Conference ISSA, Sic Sat, Amsterdam 2003, pp. 1001-1005.
Toulmin, S. E., The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1958.
Tseronis, A., Argumentative Functions of Visuals: Beyond Claiming and Justifying, in “OSSA Conference Archive”, 163, 2013, pp. 1-17.
Tufte, E., Beautiful Evidence, Graphic Press LLC, Cheshire 2006.
Tufte, E., Seeing with Fresh Eyes: Meaning, Space, Data, Truth, Graphic Press LLC, Cheshire 2020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Giacomo Pezzano

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors who publish in Itinera are required to accept the following conditions:
1. The authors retain the rights on their paper and lincese the journal the right of first publication. The paper is also licensed under a Creative Commons License, which allows others to share it, by indicating intellectual authorship and its first publication in Itinera.
2. Authors may adhere to other non-exclusive license agreements for the distribution of the published version of the paper (ex. deposit it in an institutional archive or publish it in a monograph), provided that its first publication in Itinera is indicated.
3. Authors can disseminate their paper online (ex. in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, since this can lead to productive exchanges and increase quotations of the published work (See “The Effect of Open Access”).


