THE INTONATION OF RHETORICAL QUESTIONS IN ITALIAN

Autori

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/22018

Abstract

This research focuses on the intonation of rhetorical questions (RQs) in Italian. RQs are non-prototypical questions characterised by specific pragmatic features such as indirect and obvious meaning and the absence of an informative answer. The basic idea is that prosody, in its various verbal and paraverbal components, provides listeners with cues of illocutionary interpretation of RQs, facilitating their recognition in spontaneous speech. Although in the past the presence of a final falling intonation contour was assumed as a categorical feature of RQs, recent studies showed a more heterogeneous situation which did not exclude the possibility of rising intonation contours. Most of these studies were conducted on elicited speech samples (DCT or Role Play) by directly comparing string-identical information-seeking questions with rhetorical questions. The results obtained in several languages show that the differences between the two question types are never clear-cut and do not equally involve the same prosodic parameters (intonation contour, pitch range, duration). This highlights the presence of language-specific components. However, it is possible that the final results might have been influenced by both the mode of acquisition of the speech samples (which were almost always collected in a controlled environment), and by a certain neutralisation of discursive functions. The present research analyses a corpus of 100 spontaneous oral wh-RQs extracted from radio broadcasts. The study presents a phonological analysis of the intonation of RQs, looking at nuclear pitch accents and boundary tones. The results are then compared with those previously obtained for the same geographical area.

 

Lintonazione delle domande retoriche in italiano

Questa ricerca si concentra sull’intonazione delle domande retoriche (RQ) in italiano. Si tratta di domande non prototipiche caratterizzate da specifiche caratteristiche pragmatiche, tra cui la presenza di un significato indiretto e ovvio e l’assenza di una risposta informativa. L’idea di base è che la prosodia, nelle sue varie componenti verbali e paraverbali, fornisca agli ascoltatori degli indizi di interpretazione illocutiva delle RQ, facilitandone il riconoscimento nel parlato spontaneo. Sebbene in passato la presenza di un contorno intonativo discendente finale sia stata assunto come una caratteristica categorica delle RQ, studi recenti hanno mostrato una situazione più eterogenea che non esclude la possibilità di contorni intonativi ascendenti. La maggior parte di questi studi è stata condotta su campioni di parlato elicitato (DCT o Role Play), confrontando direttamente coppie frasali identiche formate da domande sincere e domande retoriche. I risultati ottenuti in diverse lingue mostrano che le differenze tra i due tipi di domanda non sono mai nette e non coinvolgono in egual misura i medesimi parametri prosodici (contorno intonativo, pitch range e durata), evidenziando la presenza di componenti linguo-specifiche. Tuttavia, è possibile che i risultati finali siano stati influenzati dalla modalità di acquisizione dei campioni di parlato (quasi sempre raccolti in un ambiente controllato) e da una certa neutralizzazione delle funzioni discorsive. La presente ricerca analizza un corpus di parlato spontaneo formato da 100 domande retoriche con struttura wh- estratte da trasmissioni radiofoniche. Lo studio fornisce un’analisi fonologica dell’intonazione delle domande, focalizzandosi sugli accenti intonativi nucleari e sui toni di confine. I risultati sono stati successivamente comparati con quelli precedentemente ottenuti per la stessa area geografica.

 

Riferimenti bibliografici

Anzilotti G. I. (1982), “The rhetorical question as an indirect speech device in English and Italian”, in Canadian Modern Language Review, 38, pp. 290-302.

Asu E. L., Sahkai H., Lippus P. (2020), “The prosody of rhetorical and information-seeking questions in Estonian: preliminary results”, in Proceeding of the 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody, 25-28 May 2020, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 381-384.

Austin J. L. (1962), How to do things with words, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Banuazizi A., Creswell C. (1999), “Is that a real question?: Final rises, final falls and discourse function in yes-no question intonation”, in Proceedings of the 35th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society (CLS 35), Chicago, Linguistic Society, pp. 1-14.

Beckman M. E., Ayers Elam G. (1997), Guidelines for ToBI labelling, version 3.0, The Ohio State University Research Foundation:

http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/phonetics/E_ToBI/ singer_tobi.html.

Boersma P., Weenink D. (2013), Praat: doing phonetics by computer, version 6.0.31, http://www.praat.org.

Bolinger D. L. (1957), Interrogative structures of American English, Tuscaloosa, AL, University of Alabama Press, London.

Braun B., Dehé N., Neitsch J., Wochner D., Zahner K. (2019), “The prosody of rhetorical and information-seeking questions in German”, in Language and Speech, 62, 4, pp. 779-807.

Brown P., Levinson S. (1978), “Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena”, in Goody E. (ed.), Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 56-311.

Caponigro I., Sprouse J. (2007), “Rhetorical questions as questions”, in Puig-Waldmuller E. (ed.), Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 11, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, pp. 121-133.

Crisari M. (1974), “Sugli usi non istituzionali delle domande”, in Lingua e Stile, 1, pp. 29-56.

Dehé N., Braun B., Wochner D. (2018), “The prosody of rhetorical vs. information-seeking questions in Icelandic”, in Klessa K., Bachan J., Wagner A., Karpiński M., Śledziński D. (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Poznań, pp. 403-407.

D’Imperio M. (2002), “Italian intonation: An overview and some questions”, in Probus, 14, pp. 37-49.

Frank J. (1990), “You call that a rhetorical question? Forms and functions of rhetorical questions in conversation”, in Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 5, pp. 723-738.

Grice M., Savino M., Refice M. (1997), “The intonation of questions in Bari Italian: do speakers replicate their spontaneous speech when reading?”, in Phonus, 3 (Saarbrücken: Institute of Phonetics, University of the Saarland), pp. 1-7.

Grice M., D’Imperio M., Savino M., Avesani C. (2005), “Strategies for intonation labelling across varieties of Italian”, in Jun Sun-Ah (ed.), Prosodic typology: The phonology of intonation and phrasing, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 362-389.

Gutiérrez Rexach J. (1998), “Rhetorical question, relevance and scales”, in Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 11, pp. 139-155.

Han C. (2002), “Interpreting interrogatives as rhetorical questions”, in Lingua, 112, pp. 201-229.

Ilie C. (1994), “What else can I tell you? A pragmatic study of English rhetorical questions as discursive and argumentative acts”, in Stockholm Studies in English, 72. Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm.

Jung V., Schrott A. (2003), “A question of time? Question types and speech act shifts from a historical-contrastive perspective: some examples from Old Spanish and Middle English”, in Jasczolt K. M., Turner K. (eds.), Meaning Through Language Contrast, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 345-371.

Ladd D. R. (2008 [1996]), Intonational phonology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Lepschy G. C. (1978), “Appunti sull’intonazione italiana”, in Lepschy G. C. (ed.), Saggi di linguistica italiana, il Mulino, Bologna, pp. 127-142.

Miura I., Hara N. (1995), “Production and perception of rhetorical questions in Osaka Japanese”, in Journal of Phonetics, 23, pp. 291-303.

Rohde H. (2006), “Rhetorical questions as redundant interrogatives”, in San Diego Linguistics Paper, 2, University of California, San Diego, pp. 134-168.

Sadock J. M. (1971), “Queclaratives”, in Papers from the Seventh Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, (CLS 7), Chicago, Linguistics Society, pp. 223-231.

Sadock J. M., Zwicky A. M. (1985), “Speech act distinctions in syntax”, in Shopen T. (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 155-196.

Searle J. R. (1969), “Indirect speech acts”, in Cole P., Morgan J. L. (eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 3, Speech Acts, Academic Press, New York, pp. 59-82.

Sorianello P. (2018), “Tra prosodia e pragmatica: il caso delle domande retoriche”, in Studi e Saggi Linguistici, LVI, 2, pp. 39-71.

Sorianello P. (2019), “ ‘A che serve saperlo?’ Funzioni pragmatiche e variazioni intonative della domanda retorica”, in Nuzzo E., Vedder I. (eds.), Lingue in contesto: la prospettiva pragmatica, Studi AitLA 9, Officinaventuno, Milano, pp. 89-108:

http://www.aitla.it/images/pdf/StudiAItLA9/006_Sorianello.pdf.

Sorianello P. (2020), “Sul riconoscimento percettivo delle domande retoriche”, in Romito L. (ed.), La variazione linguistica in condizioni di contatto: contesti acquisizionali, lingue, dialetti e minoranze in Italia e nel mondo, Studi AISV 7, Officinaventuno, Milano, pp. 341-360.

Sorianello P. (2023), “Quale intonazione per le domande wh-?” in Castagneto M., Ravetto M. (eds.) La Comunicazione parlata 2020, SLI-GSCP International Conference, Vercelli 6-9 May 2021, Aracne, Roma, pp. 19-46. Stati S. (1982), “Le frasi interrogative retoriche”, in Lingua e Stile, XVII, 2, pp. 195-207.

Rooy R. van (2003), “Negative polarity items in questions: Strength as relevance, in Journal of Semantics, 20, 3, pp. 239-273.

Wochner D., Schlegel J., Dehé N., Braun B. (2015), “The prosodic marking of rhetorical questions in German”, in 16th Annual Conference of the international speech communication association, Interspeech, Dresden (Germany), 6-10 September 2015, pp. 987-991.

Dowloads

Pubblicato

2023-12-15

Fascicolo

Sezione

QUADERNI DI ITALIANO LINGUADUE 6