FIRST EVIDENCE OF PALAEO-TETHYAN UPPER TRIASSIC CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS IN NORTH DOBROGEAN OROGEN (ROMANIA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/2039-4942/19776Keywords:
Prinsiosphaera triassica; Eoconusphaera zlambachensis; Rhaetian; Frecăţei; Borehole 816 LV; Black Sea; Palaeo-Tethys.Abstract
This study presents the analysis of Upper Triassic sediments from five locations in North Dobrogea
(Romania) and the Black Sea. Microfacies analyses on thin sections from the Frecăţei log reveal a shallowing trend and likely an increase in energy upward into the section. The oldest part of the log is characterised by deposition of mudstones transitioning to wackestones, with an increase of bivalves. Similar wackestones are observed in the Izvoarele and Rândunica logs, i.e. microfacies with abundant bivalves, some foraminifera and echinoderms. The offshore boreholes 816 and 817 Lebăda Vest (core CM 9 and CM 31) seem to have been deposited in a basinal or distal marine shelf environment indicated by the presence of mudstones with rare bioclasts. In contrast, sample CM 10 from borehole 816 LV is a micritised grainstone suggesting a deposition in a shallower, higher energy environment.
Scanning electron microscope observations reveal a moderate diagenetic alteration in all studied samples, mainly due to dissolution. Two calcareous nannofossil species: Prinsiosphaera triassica triassica and Eoconusphaera zlambachensis were commonly observed in sample F of the Frecăţei log, allowing for assignment of the sediments to the Rhaetian age. Two coccoliths were also observed in sample F of Frecăţei log and sample CM 9 of the borehole 816 LV indicating the presence of coccolithophorids within the study region. This discovery constitutes the first confirmed record of well-preserved, determinable Upper Triassic calcareous nannofossils in the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.
Metrics
References
Antonescu E. & Baltres A. (1998) - Palynostratigraphie de la Formation de Nalbant (Trias-Jurassique) de la Dobrogea du Nord et des formations jurassiques du sous-sol du Delta du Danube (Plate-forme Scythienne). Geo-Eco-Marina, 3: 159-187.
Arthaber G. von (1906) - Die alpine Trias des Mediterran-Gebietes. In: Lethaea geognostica II. Teil, Mesozoicum, Band I: 223-475. Verlag der E. Schweizerbart’schen Verlagshandlung (E. Nägele), Stuttgart.
Atudorei V., Baud A., Crasquin S., Galbrun B., Grădinaru E., Mirăuţă E., Maurice R. & Zerrari S. (1997) - Extended scientific report of the Peri. Tethys project. In: Baud A. (Ed.) - The Triassic of North Dobrogea, Lausanne, Geological Museum, 64 pp.
Banks C.J. & Robinson A.G. (1997) - Mesozoic Strike-Slip Back-Arc Basins of the Western Black Sea Region. In: Robinson A.G. (Ed.) - Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region. AAPG Memoir, 68: 53-61. 10.1306/m68612c5.
Bellanca A., Di Stefano E., Di Stefano P., Erba E., Neri R. & Pirini Radrizzani C. (1993) - Ritrovamento di ‘Calcisfere’ e nannofossili calcarei in terreni carnici della Sicilia. Paleopelagos, 3: 91-96.
Baltres A. (1976) - Triassic, platform and basinal carbonate sedimentation in North Dobrogea. International Colloquium on Carbonate rocks and Evaporites, Romania. Guidebook 15: 43-54.
Baltres A. (2005) - Pre-Cenomanian, mesozoic lithostratigraphic units from North Dobrogea. Studii şi Cercetări de geologie (2003), 48: 49-90 [in Romanian].
Bertinelli A., Casacci M., Concheri G., Gattolin G., Godfrey L., Katz M.E., Maron M., Mazza M., Mietto P., Muttoni G., Rigo M., Sprovieri M., Stellin F. & Zaffani M. (2016) - The Norian/Rhaetian boundary interval at Pignola-Abriola section (Southern Apennines, Italy) as a GSSP candidate for the Rhaetian stage an update. Albertiana, 43: 5-18.
Bittner A. (1892) - Brachiopoden der Alpinen. Abhandlhungen der Kaiserlich-Königlich Geologischen Reichsanstalt, 14, 335.
Bordiga M., Bartol M. & Henderiks J. (2015) - Absolute nannofossil abundance estimates: Quantifying the pros and cons of different techniques. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 58: 155-165. 10.1016/j.revmic.2015.05.002.
Bottini C., Jadoul F., Rigo M., Zaffani M., Artoni C. & Erba E. (2016) - Calcareous nannofossils at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary: Stratigraphic and paleoceanographic characterization. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 122: 141-164.
Bown P.R. (1985) - Archaeozygodiscus gen. nov. and other Triassic coccoliths. INA Newsletter: 32-35.
Bown P.R. (1987) - Taxonomy, evolution, and biostratigraphy of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Calcareous Nannofossils. Special Papers in Paleontology, 38: 1-118.
Bown P.R. & Cooper M.K.E. (1989) - Conical calcareous nannofossils in the Mesozoic. In: Crux J.A. & Heck S.E. (Eds.) - Nannofossils and their applications: 98-106. British Micropaleontology Society, Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
Bown P.R. (1992) - Late Triassic-Early Jurassic calcareous nannofossils of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Journal of Micropaleontology, 11: 177-188.
Bralower T.J., Bown P.R. & Siesser W.G. (1991) - Significance of Upper Triassic nannofossils from the Southern Hemisphere (ODP Leg 122, Wombat Plateau, N.W. Australia). Marine Micropaleontology, 17: 119-154. 10.1016/0377-8398(91)90025-2.
Bronn H.G. (1832) - Die versteinerungen des Salza-Thales, in beziehung auf Lill von Lilienbach’s beschreibung dortiger Gebirgs-Formationen. Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Petrefaktenkenkunde: 150-182.
Cavin L. & Grădinaru E. (2014) - Dobrogeria aegyssensis, a new early Spathian (Early Triassic) coelacanth from North Dobrogea (Romania). Acta Geologica Polonica, 64(2): 147 -173.
Clémence M.E., Gardin S., Bartolini A., Paris G., Beaumont V. & Guex J. (2010) - Bentho-planktonic evidence from the Austrian Alps for a decline in sea-surface carbonate production at the end of the Triassic. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 103: 293-315. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.021.
Crasquin-Soleau S. & Grădinaru E. (1996) - Early Anisian ostracode fauna from the Tulcea Unit (Cimmerian North Dobrogean Orogen, Romania). Annales de Paléontologie, 82: 59-116.
Dagys A.S. (1974) - Triassic brachiopods. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki Novosibirsk, 214: 1-323.
Dal Corso J., Preto N., Agnini C., Hohn S., Merico A., Willems H. & Gianolla P. (2020) - Rise of calcispheres during the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic). Global and Planetary Change, 200:103453. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103453.
Demangel I., Kovacs Z., Richoz S., Gardin S., Krystyn L., Baldermann A. & Piller W. E. (2020) - Development of early calcareous nannoplankton in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria) in the Late Triassic. Global and Planetary Change, 193: 103254. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103254
Demangel I., Howe R., Gardin S. & Richoz S. (2021) - Eoconusphaera hallstattensis, new species, and review of the Rhaetian genus Eoconusphaera. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 39(1): 77-87.
Demangel I. (2022) - The emergence of pelagic calcification and its influence on seawater chemistry in the Upper Triassic. Dissertation. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz.
Demangel I., Kovács Z., Gardin S., Krystyn L., Piller W.E., Baldermann A. & Richoz S. (2023) - Fate of the calcareous nannofossils during the Rhaetian (Late Triassic): evidence from the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Lethaia, 56(1): 1-24. 10.18261/let.56.1.5.
Dittmar A.V. (1866) - Zur Fauna der Hallstätter Kalke. Geognostisch-Paläontologische Beiträge, 1: 319-398.
Enos P., Jiayong W. & Lehrmann D.J. (1998) - Death in Guizhou–Late Triassic drowning of the Yangtze carbonate platform. Sedimentary Geology, 118: 55-76.
Fischer A.G., Honjo S. & Garrison R.A.E. (1967) - Electron Micrographs of Limestones and their nannofossils. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Flügel E. (2010) - Microfacies of carbonate rocks, 2nd edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Forel M.-B. & Grădinaru E. (2018) - First report of ostracods (Crustacea) associated with Bithynian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes-microbial reef in the North Dobrogean Orogen (Romania). Papers in Palaeontology, 4(2): 211-244. 10.1002/spp2.1103
Forel M.-B. & Grădinaru E. (2020) - Rhaetian (Late Triassic) ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the offshore prolongation of the North Dobrogea Orogen into the Romanian Black Sea shelf. European Journal of Taxonomy, 727: 1-83. 10.5852/ejt.2020.727.1183
Forel M.-B. & Grădinaru E. (2021) - A unique diversity hotspot for Polycopidae (Ostracoda) in the Triassic of North Dobrogea. Historical Biology, online article. 10.1080/08912963.2021.1959577
Friesenbichler E., Hautmann M., Grădinaru E. & Bucher H. (2021) - A highly diverse bivalve fauna from a Bithynian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes-microbial buildup in North Dobrogea (Romania). Papers in Palaeontology, 7(1): 447-495. 10.1002/spp2.1286
Gaetani M., Lozowski V., Szulc J., Arche A., Calvet F., Lopez-Gomez J. & Hirsch F. (2000) - Olenekian (245-243 Ma), Early Ladinian (238-235 Ma), Late Norian (215-212 Ma). In: Dercourt J., Gaetani M., Vrielynck B., Barrier E., Biju-Duval B., Brunet M.F., Cadet J.P., Crasquin S. & Săndulescu M. (Eds.) - Atlas Peri-Tethys, Palaeogeographical maps. Paris: Crasquin S. (Coord.): 27-48. CCGMCGMW, and Explanatory Notes.
Gale L., Grădinaru E., Kolar-Jurkovšek T., Forel M.-B. & Korat L. (2021) - Rhaetian foraminifers from the western Black Sea shelf: new evidence for heterozoan carbonate factories in the Palaeo-Tethys. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 127(3): 673-687. 10.13130/2039-4942/16717
Gardin S., Krystyn L., Richoz S., Bartolini A. & Galbrun B. (2012) - Where and when the earliest coccolithophores? Lethaia, 45:507-523. 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00311.x
Grădinaru E. (1984) - Jurassic rocks of North Dobrogea: a depositional tectonic approach. Review of Roumanian Geology, 28: 61-72.
Grădinaru E. (1988) - Jurassic sedimentary rocks and bimodal volcanics of the Peceneaga-Camena Fault. Studii şi cercetări de geologie, geofizică, geografie, Seria Geologie, 33: 97-121.
Grădinaru E., Dinu C. & Dragastan O. (1989) - Stratigraphy of the Dobrogean Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. In: Almăşan B. (Ed.) - Conditions for the Generation, Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons on the Romanian Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. Internal Report, vol. 1: III.39-85. Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest University, Bucharest. [in Romanian].
Grădinaru E. (1995) - Mesozoic rocks in North Dobrogea: an overview. In: Săndulescu M., Grădinaru E. (Eds.) - Field Guidebook, Central and North Dobrogea, Romania, October 1-4, 1995. IGCP Project No. 369, Comparative Evolution of Peri-Tethyan Rift Basins: 17-26. Geological Institute of Romania, Bucharest.
Grădinaru E. (2000) - Introduction to the Triassic Geology of North Dobrogea Orogen - an overview of the Triassic System in the Tulcea Unit and the ammonoid biostratigraphy. In: Grădinaru E. (Ed.) - Workshop on the Lower- Middle Triassic (Olenekian-Anisian) boundary, 7-10 June 2000, Tulcea, Romania, Conference and Field Trip. Field Trip Guide: 5-37. Romanian Academy & University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest.
Grădinaru E. (2005) - Triassic-Jurassic boundary events in North Dobrogea (Romania) as recorded in basinal marine environments. 5th Field Workshop of IGCP 458, Transdanubian Range (Hungary) and Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria), 5-10 September 2005, Poster.
Grădinaru E. (2011) - Occurrence of the Bivalvia Monotis (Monotis) salinaria-haueri group in the Upper Norian (Upper Triassic) of Tulcea Unit, North Dobrogean Orogen. 8th Romanian Symposium on Paleontology, Bucharest, 29-30 September 2011. Abstract Book, 57.
Grădinaru E. & Gaetani M. (2019) - Upper Spathian to Bithynian (Lower to Middle Triassic) brachiopods from North Dobrogea (Romania). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 125(1): 91-123. 10.13130/2039-4942/11182
Grădinaru E. & Sobolev E.S. (2006) - Ammonoid and Nautiloid Biostratigraphy around the Olenekian–Anisian Boundary in the Tethyan Triassic of North Dobrogea (Romania): Correlation with the Boreal Triassic. In: Boreal Triassic 2006, Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway, 3: 56-58.
Grădinaru E. & Sobolev E.S. (2010) - First record of Rhabdoceras suessi (Ammonoidea, Late Triassic) from the Transylvanian Triassic Series of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania) and a review of its biochronology, paleobiogeography and paleoecology. Central European Geology, 53(2-3): 261-309. 10.1556/ceugeol.53.2010.2-3.8
Grădinaru E., Dinu C. & Dragastan O. (1989) - Stratigraphy of the Dobrogean Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. In: Almăşan B. (Ed.) - Conditions for the Generation, Migration and Accumulation of Hydrocarbons on the Romanian Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. Internal Report, vol. 1: III.39-85. Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest University, Bucharest. [in Romanian].
Grădinaru E., Orchard M.J., Nicora A., Gallet Y., Besse J., Krystyn L., Sobolev E.S., Atudorei N-V. & Ivanova D. (2007) - The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Deşli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania. Albertiana, 36: 54-71.
Hauser M., Martini R., Burns S., Dumitrica P., Krystyn L., Matter A., Peters T. & Zaninetti L. (2001) - Triassic stratigraphic evolution of the Arabian-Greater India embayment of the southern Tethys margin. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 94: 29-62.
Jafar S.A. (1983) - Significance of Late Triassic calcareous nannoplankton from Austria and Southern Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 166: 218-259.
Janofske D. (1987) - Kalkige Nannofossillien aus der ober-Trias (Rhät) der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 86: 45-67.
Janofske D. (1992) - Calcareous nannofossils of the Alpine Upper Triassic. In: Hamrsmid B. & Young J.R. (Eds.) - Nannoplankton Research, Proceedings of the 4th INA Conference, Prague 1991, vol I. Knihovnicka ZPN. 14a, 87-109.
Kittl E. (1908) - Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Triasbildungen der nordöstlichen Dobrudscha. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 81: 447-532.
Kittl E. (1912) - Materialien zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias. Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees. I. Band, 1. Teil. Paläontologischer Anhang. 2. Band, Abhandlung 4: 1-10, Budapest.
Koiava K., Mosar J., Gavtadze T., Kvaliashvili L. & Mauvilly J. (2015) - Late Triassic Calcareous Nannoplankton from Georgia and New Age of Moshevani Suite (Caucasus). In: 13thSwiss Geoscience Meeting, Basel: 185-186.
Kotlyar G.V., Baud A., Pronina G.P., Zakharov Y.D., Vuks V.Ja., Nestell M.K., Belyaeva G.V. & Marcoux J. (1999) - Permian and Triassic exotic limestone blocks of the Crimea. In: Crasquin-Soleau S. & De Wever P. (Eds.) - Peri-Tethys: stratigraphic correlations 3. Geodiversitas, 21: 299-323.
Korchagin O.A., Kuznetsova K.I. & Bragin N.Yu. (2003) - Find of early planktonic foraminifers in the Triassic of the Crimea. Doklady Earth Science, 390: 482-486.
Kovács S., Sudar M., Grădinaru E., Gawlick H.-J., Karamata S., Haas J., Péró Cs., Gaetani M., Mello J., Polák M., Aljinović D., Ogorelec B., Kolar-Jurkovšek T., Jurkovšek B. & Buser S. (2011) - Triassic evolution of the tectonostratigraphic units of the Circum-Pannonian Region. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 151: 199-280.
Kristan-Tollmann E. (1988) - Coccolithen aus den älteren Allgäuschichten (alpiner Lias, Sinemur) von Timor, Indonesian. Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 15: 71-83.
Krystyn L., Richoz S., Gallet Y., Bouquerel H., Kürschner W.M. & Spötl C. (2007) - Proposal for a candidate GSSP for the base of the Rhaetian stage. In: Lucas S.G., Spielmann J.A. (Eds.) - The Global Triassic, 41. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin: 189-199.
Krystyn L. (2008) - An ammonoid-calibrated Tethyan conodont time scale of the late Upper Triassic. Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 76: 9-11.
Mirăuţă E. & Gheorghian D. (1975) - Norian conodonts and foraminifers from North Dobrogea. Dări de Seamă ale Şedinţelor, Institutul de Geologie şi Geofizică, 61(3): 47-76.
Mirăuţă E. & Iordan M. (1982) - New Triassic fossiliferous localities in the Tulcea Zone (North Dobrogea). Dări de Seamă ale Şedinţelor, Institutul de Geologie şi Geofizică, 66(3): 15-22.
Mirăuţă E., Iordan M. & Gheorghian D. (1984) - New biostratigraphic data on the Triassic from the Somova– Sarica Hill area (Tulcea zone, North Dobrogea). Dări de Seamă ale Şedinţelor, Institutul de Geologie şi Geofizică, 68(4): 35-48.
Mirăuţă E., Gheorghian D. & Bădiceanu M. (1993) - Données biostratigraphiques sur la Formation de Cataloi (Dobrogea de Nord, Roumanie). Romanian Journal of Stratigraphy, 75: 21-27.
Mojsisovics E.v. (1873-1902) - Das Gebirge um Hallstatt I: Abhanhlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 6/I, 356 pp. (edited in 1873, 1875, 1902).
Mosher L.C. (1968) - Triassic Conodonts from western North America and Europe and their correlation. Journal of Paleontology, 42(4): 895-946.
Moshkovitz S. (1982) - On the findings of a new calcareous nannofossil (Conusphaera zlambachensis) and other calcareous organisms in the Upper Triassic sediments of Austria. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 75: 611-619. 10.5169/seals-165245.
Nakada R., Ogawa K., Suzuki N., Takahashi S. & Takahashi Y. (2014) - Late Triassic compositional changes of aeolian dusts in the pelagic Panthalassa: response to the continental climatic change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 393: 61-75. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.10.014.
Nützel A., Kaim A. & Grădinaru E. (2018) - Middle Triassic (Anisian, Bithynian) gastropods from North Dobrogea (Romania) and their significance for gastropod recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction event. Papers in Palaeontology, 4(4): 477-512. 10.1002/spp2.1115
Okay A, Şengör A.M.C. & Görür N. (1994) - Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions. Geology, 22(3): 267-270.
Onoue T. & Yoshida A. (2010) - Depositional response to the Late Triassic ascent of calcareous plankton in pelagic mid-oceanic plate deposits of Japan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 37: 312-321. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.08.013.
Pérez Panera J.P., Marcilese L.C., Boggetti D., Ottone G., Cuello M.J. & Giampaoli P. (2023a) - Late Triassic Calcareous Nannofossils from the Pucará Group, Peru: A New Biostratigraphic Tool for Regional Correlation in western South America. Ameghiniana, 60(2): 283-296. 10.5710/AMGH.06.02.2023.3516.
Pérez Panera J.P., Angelozzi G.N., Riccardi C.A., Damborenea S.C. & Manceñido M.O. (2023b) - Late Triassic calcareous nannofossil from Arroyo Malo Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Implications for their early evolution and dispersal. Ameghiniana, 60(2): 149-163. 10.5710/AMGH.13.10.2022.3526
Peters K.F. (1867) - Grundlinien zur Geographie and Geologie der Dobrudscha. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 27: 83-207.
Popa L., Panaiotu C.E. & Grădinaru E. (2014) - An early Middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes and cement crusts-dominated reef from North Dobrogea (Romania): facies, depositional environment and diagenesis. Acta Geologica Polonica, 64(2): 189-206. 10.2478/agp-2014-0011
Posch F. & Stradner H. (1987) - Report on Triassic Nannoliths from Austria. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 39: 231-237.
Preto N., Agnini C., Rigo M., Sprovieri M. & Westphal H. (2013) - The calcareous nannofossil Prinsiosphaera achieved rock-forming abundances in the latest Triassic of western Tethys: consequences for the δ13C of bulk carbonate. Biogeosciences, 10: 6053-6068. 10.5194/bg-10-6053-2013.
Prins B. (1969) - Evolution and stratigraphy of coccolothinids from the lower and middle Lias. International Conference Planktonic Microfossils, Geneva, 2: 547-558.
Rai J., Upadhyay R. & Sinha A.H. (2004) - First Late Triassic nannofossil record from the Neo-Tethyan sediments of the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya, India. Current Science, 86: 774-777.
Rifl M. & Holcová K. (2022) - Calcareous nannoplankton from the uppermost Triassic of the Southern Alps, Slovenia. 18th International Nannoplankton Association Conference, Avignon, France. Abstracts, 89.
Rood A. P., Hay W. W. & Barnard T. (1973) - Electron microscope studies of Lower and Middle Jurassic coccoliths. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 66: 365-382.
Săndulescu M. (1984) - Geotectonics of Romania. EdituraTehnică, Bucharest, 336 [in Romanian].
Săndulescu M. (1995) - Dobrogea within the Carpathian Foreland. In: Sãndulescu M. & Grădinaru E. (Eds.) - IGCP Project No. 369, Comparative Evolution of PeriTethyan Rift Basins. Central and North Dobrogea, Romania, October 1-4, 1995. Field Guidebook: 1-4. Geological Institute of Romania & University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest.
Sebe O-G., Crasquin S. & Grădinaru E. (2013) - Early and Middle Anisian deep-water ostracods (Crustacea) from North Dobrogea (Romania). Revue de Paléobiologie, 32: 509-529.
Şengör A.M.C. (1984) - The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 195: 1-82.
Şengör A.M.C. (1986) - Die Alpiden und die Kimmeriden: die verdoppelte Geschichte der Tethys. Geologische Rundschau, 75: 501-510.
Simionescu I. (1910) - Studii geologice şi paleontologice din Dobrogea. III. Fauna triasicã dela Deşli Caira. La faune triasique de Deşli Caira. Academia Româna, Publicaţiunile Fondului Vasile Adamachi, 26: 465-494.
Simionescu I. (1913a) - Studii geologice şi paleontologice din Dobrogea. VI. Fauna amoniţilor triasici dela Hagighiol. Les ammonites triasiques de Agighiol. Academia Româna, Publicaţiunile Fondului Vasile Adamachi, 34: 271-370.
Simionescu I. (1913b) - Ichthyosaurierreste aus der Trias von Dobrogea (Rumänien). Bulletin de la Section Scientifique de l’Académie Roumaine, 1(2) (1912-1913): 81-86.
Simionescu I. (1927) - Aperçu géologique sur la Dobrogea. In: Guide des excursions. Association pour l’avancement de la géologie des Carpates. Deuxième réunion en Roumanie: 353-378. Cultura Naţională, Bucarest.
Stampfli G.M. & Kozur H.W. (2006) - Europe from the Variscan to Alpine cycles. In: Gee D.G. & Stephenson R.A. (Eds.) - European Lithosphere Dynamics. Memoir 32: 57-82. Geological Society of London.
Suess E. (1854) - Uber die Brachiopoden der Kossener. Schichten. Denkschriften Akademie der Wissenschaften: 1-37.
Tozer E.T. (1984) - The Trias and its ammonoids: the evolution of a time scale. Miscellaneous Report, Geological Survey of Canada. 35: 171. 10.4095/ 119548.
Trifonova E. (1962) - Фораминифери от Горния Триас в Котленско-източна Стара планина - Upper Triassic foraminifera from the surroundings of Kotel - the Eastern Balkan. Годишник на Управлението за геоложки проучвания - Annuaire de la Direction générale des recherches géologiques, 12: 141-170.
Visarion M., Săndulescu M., Roşca V., Stănică D. & Atanasiu L. (1990) - La Dobrogea dans le cadre de l’avant pays carpatique. Revue Roumaine de Géophysique, 34: 55-65.
Zapfe H. (1973) - Otapiria (Monotidae, Bivalve) aus der alpinen Trias. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 77: 149-158.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 ISALINE DEMANGEL, EUGEN GRĂDINARU, IULIANA LAZĂR, ANTONETA SEGHEDI, IOAN MUNTEANU
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal allow the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions.
Accepted 2024-03-11
Published 2024-03-14
