THE DEMISE OF THE MESSINIAN SALINITY CRISIS AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ZANCLEAN IN THE NORTHERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN: INSIGHT FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION BIOMAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY (POLLENZO SECTION, NW ITALY)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/2039-4942/22315Keywords:
Calcareous nannoplankton; Planktic foraminifera; cluster analysis; multivariate analysis; Milankovitch cycles; paleoenvironmental reconstruction.Abstract
The Messinian-Zanclean boundary in the Mediterranean basin marks the end of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) at approximately 5.33 Ma. The mechanism behind the return to normal marine conditions after the MSC are debated, with two main hypotheses proposed: an instantaneous reflooding of the Mediterranean at the base of the Zanclean, following its near-complete desiccation, or a gradual sea level rise in a non-desiccated basin during the late MSC phase (Lago-Mare). Our objectives are to refine the age model of the Pollenzo section in the Piedmont basin, Italy, and to elucidate environmental variability during this phase. We employ high-resolution biomagnetostratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic analyses, integrated with statistical multivariate and cluster analyses, and tie the results with other Italian Mediterranean reference sections of the basal Zanclean. The proposed age model is based on biostratigraphic markers (planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils), alongside the identification of the base of the Thvera subchron. Although no astrochronological tuning was proposed, the influence of orbital parameters variation on calcareous plankton was noted, especially at tie of eccentricity maxima. Our results indicate a gradual restoration of open marine conditions after the MSC, spanning from 5.33 to 5.23 Ma. We observe a transition from a more marginal environment to more open marine conditions at the termination of MSC. Our findings challenge the notion of an abrupt transition at the end of the MSC, emphasizing the gradual nature of environmental change in the northernmost Mediterranean basin, from the late Messinian to the early Zanclean.
Downloads
References
Amarathunga U., Hogg A.M., Rohling E.J., Roberts A.P., Grant K.M., Heslop D., Hu P., Liebr D., Westerhold T., Zhao X. & Gilmore S. (2022) - Sill-controlled salinity contrasts followed post-Messinian flooding of the Mediterranean. Nature Geosciences, 15(9): 720-725.
Andreetto F., Aloisi G., Raad F., Heida H., Flecker R., Agiadi K., Lofi J., Blondel S., Bulian F., Camerlenghi A. & Caruso A. (2021) - Freshening of the Mediterranean Salt Giant: controversies & certainties around the terminal (Upper Gypsum & Lago-Mare) phases of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Earth Sciences Review, 216: 103577.
Andreetto F., Mancini A.M., Flecker R., Gennari R., Lewis J., Lozar F., Natalicchio M., Sangiorgi F., Stoica M., Dela Pierre F. & Krijgsman W. (2022) - Multi-proxy investigation of the post-evaporitic succession of the Piedmont Basin (Pollenzo section, NW Italy): a new piece in the stage 3 puzzle of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 594: 110961.
Andreetto F., Mancini A.M., Flecker R., Gennari R., Lewis J., Lozar F., Natalicchio M., Sangiorgi F., Stoica M., Pierre F.D. & Krijgsman W. (2022b) - Multi-proxy investigation of the post-evaporitic succession of the Piedmont Basin (Pollenzo section, NW Italy): A new piece in the Stage 3 puzzle of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 594: 110961.
Athanasiou M., Triantaphyllou M.V., Dimiza M.D., Gogou A. & Τheodorou G. (2015) - Zanclean/Piacenzian transition on Cyprus (SE Mediterranean): calcareous nannofossil evidence of sapropel formation. Geo-Marine Letters, 35: 367-385.
Auer G., Piller W.E. & Harzhauser M. (2014) - High-resolution calcareous nannoplankton palaeoecology as a proxy for small-scale environmental changes in the Early Miocene. Marine Micropaleontology, 111: 53-65.
Aze T., Ezard T.H., Purvis A., Coxall H.K., Stewart D.R., Wade B.S. & Pearson P.N. (2011) - A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biological Reviews, 86(4): 900-927.
Bertini A. (2006) - The Northern Apennines palynological record as a contribute for the reconstruction of the Messinian palaeoenvironments. Sedimentary geology, 188: 235-258.
Azibeiro L.A., Kučera M., Jonkers L., Cloke-Hayes A., Sierro F.J. (2023) - Nutrients and hydrography explain the composition of recent Mediterranean planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology, 179: 102201.
Bertini A. & Martinetto E. (2011) - Reconstruction of vegetation transects for the Messinian–Piacenzian of Italy by means of comparative analysis of pollen, leaf and carpological records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 304(3-4): 230-246.
Blanc-Valleron M.M., Pierre C., Caulet J.P., Caruso A., Rouchy J.M., Cespuglio G., Sprovieri R., Pestrea S. & Di Stefano E. (2002) - Sedimentary, stable isotope and micropaleontological records of paleoceanographic change in the Messinian Tripoli Formation (Sicily, Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 185(3-4): 255-286.
Bonomo S., Placenti F., Quinci E.M., Cuttitta A., Genovese S., Mazzola S. & Bonanno A. (2017) - Living coccolithophores community from southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean-summer 2009). Marine Micropaleontology, 131: 10-24.
Bown P.R. & Young J.R. (1998) - Techniques. In: Bown P. (Ed.) - Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. British Micropalaeontology Society Publications Series, Cambridge: Kluwer Academic Publisher: 16-28.
Bulian F., Kouwenhoven T.J., Andersen N., Krijgsman W. & Sierro F.J. (2022a) - Reflooding and repopulation of the Mediterranean Sea after the Messinian Salinity Crisis: Benthic foraminifera assemblages and stable isotopes of Spanish basins. Marine Micropaleontology, 176: 102160.
Bulian F., Kouwenhoven T., Jiménez-Espejo F., Krijgsman W., Andersen N. & Sierro F. (2022b) - Impact of the Mediterranean-Atlantic connectivity and the late Miocene carbon shift on deep-sea communities in the Western Alboran Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 589: 110841.
Cachão M., Drago T., Silva A.D., Moita T., Oliveira A. & Naughton F. (2002) - The secret (estuarine?) life of Helicosphaera carteri: preliminary results. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 24(2): 76-77.
Carloni G.C., Francavilla F., Borsetti A.M., Cati F., D’onofrio S., Mezzetti R. & Savelli C. (1974) - Ricerche stratigrafiche sul limite Miocene – Pliocene nelle Marche centro-meridionali. Giornale di Geologia, 39: 363-392.
Carnevale G. & Schwarzhans W. (2022) - Marine life in the Mediterranean during the Messinian salinity crisis: a paleoichthyological perspective. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 128: 283-324.
Carnevale G., Dela Pierre F., Natalicchio M. & Walter L. (2018) - Fossil marine fishes and the ‘Lago-Mare’ event: has the Mediterranean ever transformed into a brackish lake? Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 51(1): 57-72.
Caruso A., Blanc-Valleron M.M., Da Prato S., Pierre C. & Rouchy J.M. (2020) - The late Messinian “Lago-Mare” event and the Zanclean reflooding in the Mediterranean Sea: New insights from the Cuevas del Almanzora section (Vera Basin, South-Eastern Spain). Earth Sciences Review 200: 102993.
Castradori D., Rio D., Hilgen F.J. & Lourens L.J. (1998) - The global standard stratotype-section and point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene). Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 21(2): 88-93.
CIESM (2008) - The Messinian salinity crisis from mega-deposits to microbiology. In: Briand F. (Ed.) - A consensus report, in 33ème CIESM Workshop Monographs, 33. CIESM, 16, bd de Suisse, MC-98000, Monaco: 1-168.
Colalongo M.L. (1988) - Planktic foraminifer biostratigraphy, with remarks on benthic foraminifers and ostracodes (Monticino quarry Faenza). In: C. De Giuli & G.B. Vai (Eds.) - Fossil vertebrates in the Lamone valley, Romagna Apennines. International Workshop on Continental faunas at the Miocene-Pliocene Boundary, March 28-31, 1988, Field Trip Guidebook, Faenza: 53-54.
Colombero S., Alba D.M., D’Amico C., Delfino M., Esu D., Giuntelli P., Harzhauser M., Mazza P., Mosca M., Neubauer T.A. & Pavia G. (2017) - Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications. Palaeontologia Electronica, 20: 1-66.
Corselli C., Principato M.S., Maffioli P. & Crudeli D. (2002) - Changes in planktonic assemblages during sapropel S5 deposition: Evidence from Urania Basin area, eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography, 17(10): 1029, 1029/2000PA000536.
Dela Pierre F., Clari P., Bernardi E., Natalicchio M., Costa E., Cavagna S., Lozar F., Lugli S., Manzi V., Roveri M. & Violanti D. (2012) - Messinian carbonate-rich beds of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (NW Italy): microbially-mediated products straddling the onset of the salinity crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 344: 78-93.
Dela Pierre F., Natalicchio M., Lozar F., Bonetto S.M.R., Carnevale G., Cavagna S., Colombero S., Sabino M. & Violanti D. (2016) - The Northermost record of the Messinian salinity crisis (Piedmont Basin, NW Italy). Geological Field Trips, 8(21): 1-58.
Dela Pierre F., Bernardi E., Cavagna S., Clari P., Gennari R., Irace A., Lozar F., Lugli S., Manzi V., Natalicchio M. & Violanti D. (2011) - The record of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (NW Italy): the Alba section revisited. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 310(3-4): 238-255.
Di Stefano A. & Sturiale G. (2010) - Refinements of calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy at the Miocene/Pliocene Boundary in the Mediterranean region. Geobios 43(1): 5-20.
Di Stefano A., Baldassini N., Raffi I., Fornaciari E., Incarbona A., Negri A., Bonomo S., Villa G., Di Stefano E. & Rio D. (2023) - Neogene-Quaternary Mediterranean calcareous nannofossil biozonation and biochronology: A review. Stratigraphy, 20(4): 259-302.
Di Stefano E., Sprovieri R. & Scarantino S. (1996) - Chronology of biostratigraphic events at the base of the Pliocene. Palaeopelagos, 6: 401-414.
Dimiza M.D., Triantaphyllou M.V. & Malinverno E. (2014) - New evidence for the ecology of Helicosphaera carteri in polluted coastal environments (Elefsis Bay, Saronikos Gulf, Greece). Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 34: 37-43.
Flores J.A., Sierro F.J. & Raffi I. (1995) - Evolution of the calcareous nannofossil assemblage as a response to the paleoceanographic changes in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean from 4 to 2 Ma (Leg 138, Sites 849 and 852). In: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results (Vol. 138, pp. 163-176). Ocean Drilling Program College Station, TX.
Flores J.A., Sierro F.J., Filippelli G.M., Bárcena M.Á., Pérez-Folgado M., Vázquez A. & Utrilla R. (2005) - Surface water dynamics and phytoplankton communities during deposition of cyclic late Messinian sapropel sequences in the western Mediterranean. Marine Micropaleontology, 56(1-2): 50-79.
Garcia-Castellanos D., Estrada F., Jiménez-Munt I., Gorini C., Fernández M., Vergés J. & De Vicente R. (2009) - Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature, 462(7274): 778-781.
García-Alix A., Minwer-Barakat R., Martin Suarez E., Freudenthal M., Aguirre J. & Kaya F. (2016) - Updating the Europe–Africa small mammal exchange during the late Messinian. Journal of Biogeography, 43(7): 1336-1348.
Gennari R., Iaccarino S.M., Di Stefano A., Sturiale G., Cipollari P., Manzi V., Roveri M. & Cosentino D. (2008) - The Messinian–Zanclean boundary in the Northern Apennine. Stratigraphy, 5(3-4): 309-325.
Gennari R., Lozar F.M.J., Natalicchio M., Zanella E., Carnevale G. & Dela Pierre F. (2020) - Chronology of the Messinian events in the northernmost part of the Mediterranean: The Govone section (Piedmont Basin, NW Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 126(2): 541-560.
Gennari R., Lozar F., Turco E., Dela Pierre F., Lugli S., Manzi V., Natalicchio M., Roveri M., Schreiber B.C. & Taviani M. (2018) - Integrated stratigraphy and paleoceanographic evolution of the pre-evaporitic phase of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean as recorded in the Tokhni section (Cyprus island). Newsletter on Stratigraphy, 52(1): 33-55.
Ghielmi M., Serafini G., Artoni A., Di Celma C. & Pitts A. (2019) - From Messinian to Pleistocene: tectonic evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the central Adriatic foredeep (Abruzzo and Marche, Central Italy). In: Field Trips-Guide Book: 53-91. Associazione Italiana di Geologia del Sedimentario-GeoSed.
Gibbs S., Shackleton N. & Young J. (2004) - Orbitally forced climate signals in mid-Pliocene nannofossil assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology, 51(1-2): 39-56.
Giunta S., Morigi C., Negri A. & Guichard F. (2007) - Holocene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental changes in the Black Sea based on calcareous nannoplankton. Marine Micropaleontology, 63(1-2): 91-110.
Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., Schmitz M.D. & Ogg G.M. (2012) - The geologic time scale 2012. Elsevier.
Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., Schmitz M.D. & Ogg G.M. (2020) - Geologic time scale 2020. Elsevier.
Hilgen F.J. & Krijgsman W. (1999) - Cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology of the Tripoli diatomite formation (pre-evaporite Messinian, Sicily, Italy). Terra Nova, 11(1): 16-22.
Hilgen F.J. (1991) - Extension of the astronomically calibrated (polarity) time scale to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 107(2): 349-368.
Hilgen F.J. & Langereis C.G. (1988) - The age of the Miocene–Pliocene boundary at the Capo Rossello area (Sicily). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 91: 214-222.
Hsü K.J., Cita M.B. & Ryan W.B.F. (1973) - The origin of Mediterranean evaporites. Initial Reports of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, 13(2): 1203-1231.
Iaccarino S. & Papani G. (1979) - Il Messiniano dell’Appennino Settentrionale dalla Val d’Arda alla Val Secchia: stratigrafia e rapporti con il substrato e il Pliocene. Istituti di Geologia, Paleontologia, Geografia, Petrografia e Giacimenti Minerari, Mineralogia (Ed), Volume dedicato a Sergio Venzo. Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma: 15-46.
Iaccarino S., Castradori D., Cita M.B., Di Stefano E., Gaboardi S., McKenzie J.A., Spezzaferri S. & Sprovieri R. (1999) - The Miocene/Pliocene boundary and the significance of the earliest Pliocene flooding in the Mediterranean. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 54(10): 109-131.
Imai R., Farida M., Sato T. & Iryu Y. (2015) - Evidence for eutrophication in the northwestern Pacific and eastern Indian oceans during the Miocene to Pleistocene based on the nannofossil accumulation rate, Discoaster abundance, and coccolith size distribution of Reticulofenestra. Marine Micropaleontology, 116: 15-27.
Kouwenhoven T.J., Morigi C., Negri A., Giunta S., Krijgsman W. & Rouchy J.M. (2006) - Paleoenvironmental evolution of the eastern Mediterranean during the Messinian: Constraints from integrated microfossil data of the Pissouri Basin (Cyprus). Marine Micropaleontology, 60(1): 17-44.
Laskar J., Robutel P., Joutel F., Gastineau M., Correia A. & Levrard B. (2004) - A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 428: 261-285.
Lirer F., Foresi L.M., Iaccarino S.M., Salvatorini G., Turco E., Cosentino C., Sierro F.J. & Caruso A. (2019) - Mediterranean Neogene planktonic foraminifer biozonation and biochronology. Earth-Science Reviews, 196: 102869.
Loget N., Driessche J.V.D. & Davy P. (2005) - How did the Messinian salinity crisis end? Terra Nova, 17(5): 414-419.
Lourens L.J., Antonarakou A., Hilgen F.J., Van Hoof A.A.M., Vergnaud-Grazzini C. & Zachariasse W.J. (1996) - Evaluation of the Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale. Paleoceanography, 11(4): 391-413.
Lozar F., Violanti D., Bernardi E., Dela Pierre F. & Natalicchio M. (2018) - Identifying the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis: a reassessment of the biochronostratigraphic tools (Piedmont Basin, NW Italy). Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 51(1): 11-31.
Lozar F., Violanti D., Dela Pierre F., Bernardi E., Cavagna S., Clari P., Irace A., Martinetto E. & Trenkwalder S. (2010) - Calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers herald the Messinian salinity crisis: the Pollenzo section (Alba, Cuneo; NW Italy). Geobios, 43(1): 21-32.
Mancini A.M., Gennari R., Ziveri P., Mortyn P.G., Stolwijk D.J. & Lozar F. (2020) - Calcareous nannofossil and foraminiferal trace element records in the Sorbas Basin: A new piece of the Messinian Salinity Crisis onset puzzle. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 554: 109796.
Mancini A.M., Grelaud M., Ziveri P., Nallino E. & Lozar F. (2021) - Calcareous nannofossil size and abundance response to the Messinian Salinity Crisis onset and paleoenvironmental dynamics. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36(9): e2020PA004155.
Mancini A., Nallino E. & Pilade F. (2023) - Toward a discrimination between reworked and in situ microfossil during the last phase of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: taphonomic insights from Maccarone Section (Central Italy). Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, p. 60.
Mancini A. M., Myers S., Gennari R., Lozar, F. & Negri A. (2024) - The Messinian paleoenvironment in the Mediterranean (Monte dei Corvi, Ancona): a comparison with the modern oceanographic conditions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 112332.
Marzocchi A., Flecker R., Van Baak C.G., Lunt D.J. & Krijgsman W. (2016) - Mediterranean outflow pump: An alternative mechanism for the Lago-mare & the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Geology, 44(7): 523-526.
Mosca P., Polino R., Rogledi S. & Rossi M. (2010) - New data for the kinematic interpretation of the Alps-Apennines junction (Northwestern Italy). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(4): 833-849.
Perch-Nielsen K. (1985) - Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Bolli H.M., Saunders J.B. & Perch-Nielsen K. (Eds.) - Plankton stratigraphy: planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and calpionellids (Vol. 1). Cambridge Earth Science Series: 427-455.
Pérez-Asensio J.N., Aguirre J., Jiménez-Moreno G., Schmiedl G. & Civis J. (2013) - Glacioeustatic control on the origin and cessation of the Messinian salinity crisis. Global and Planetary Change, 111: 1-8.
Pierre C., Caruso A., Blanc-Valleron M.M., Rouchy J.M. & Orzsag-Sperber F. (2006) - Reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental changes around the Miocene-Pliocene boundary along a West-East transect across the Mediterranean. Sedimentary Geology, 188: 319-340.
Pilade F., Vasiliev I., Birgel D., Dela Pierre F., Natalicchio M., Mancini A., Carnevale G. & Gennari R. (2023) - Deciphering the termination of the Messinian salinity crisis: The alkenone record of the Miocene-Pliocene transition in the northern Mediterranean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 631: 111831.
Popov S.V., Bugrova E.M., Amitrov O.V., Andreyeva-Grigorovich A.S., Akhmetiev M.A., Zaporozhets N.I., Nikolaeva I.A., Sychevskaja E.K. & Shcherba I.G. (2004) - Biogeography of the northern peri-tethys from the late Eocene to the early Miocene. Part 3. Late oligocene-early miocene. Marine basins. Paleontological journal, 38: Suppl. 6, 2004: S653-S7J6.
Raffi I., Wade B.S., Pälike H., Beu A.G., Cooper R., Crundwell M.P., Krijgsman W., Moore T., Raine I., Sardella R. & Vernyhorova Y.V. (2020) - The neogene period. In Geologic time scale 2020: 1141-1215. Elsevier.
Rio D., Raffi I. & Villa G. (1990) - Pliocene-Pleistocene Calcareous Nannofossil distribution patterns in the Western Mediterranean. In: Kasten K., Mascle J. et al. - Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 107: 513-533. College Station TX: Ocean Drilling Program.
Rossi M., Mosca P., Polino R., Rogledi S. & Biffi U. (2009) - New outcrop and subsurface data in the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (NW-Italy): unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units and their relationships with basin-modification phases. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 115(3): 305-335.
Rouchy J.M., Orszag-Sperber F., Blanc-Valleron M.M., Pierre C., Rivière M., Combourieu-Nebout N. & Panayides I. (2001) - Paleoenvironmental changes at the Messinian–Pliocene boundary in the eastern Mediterranean (southern Cyprus basins): significance of the Messinian Lago-Mare. Sedimentary Geology, 145(1-2): 93-117.
Roveri M., Flecker R., Krijgsman W., Lofi J., Lugli S., Manzi V., Sierro F.J., Bertini A., Camerlenghi A., De Lange G., Govers R., Hilgen F.J., Hübscher C., Meijer P. & Stoica M. (2014) - The Messinian Salinity Crisis: past and future of a great challenge for marine sciences. Marine Geology, 352: 25-58.
Roveri M. & Manzi V. (2006) - The Messinian salinity crisis: looking for a new paradigm? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238(1-4): 386-398.
Roveri M., Gennari R., Persico D., Rossi F.P., Lugli S., Manzi V., Reghizzi M. & Taviani M. (2019) - A new chronostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework for the end of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Sorbas Basin (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). Geological Journal, 54(3): 1617-1637.
Ryan W.B. (2023) - 50th anniversary review of the Mediterranean desiccation hypothesis. La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, 1-129.
Sabino M., Birgel D., Natalicchio M., Dela Pierre F. & Peckmann J. (2022) - Carbon isotope excursions during the late Miocene recorded by lipids of marine Thaumarchaeota, Piedmont Basin, Mediterranean Sea. Geology, 50(1): 32-36.
Schiebel R. & Hemleben C. (2017). Planktic foraminifers in the modern ocean (Vol. 358). Berlin: Springer.
Schueth J.D. & Bralower T.J. (2015) - The relationship between environmental change and the extinction of the nannoplankton Discoaster in the early Pleistocene. Paleoceanography, 30(7): 863-876.
Sierro F.J., Hilgen F.J., Krijgsman W. & Flores J.A. (2001) - The Abad composite (SE Spain): a Messinian reference section for the Mediterranean and the APTS. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168(1-2): 141-169.
Sierro F.J., Flores J.A., Francés G., Vazquez A., Utrilla R., Zamarreno I., Erlenkeuser H. & Barcena M.A. (2003) - Orbitally controlled oscillations in planktic communities and cyclic changes in western Mediterranean hydrography during the Messinian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 190: 289-316.
Spezzaferri S., Coxall H.K., Olsson R.K. & Hemleben C. (2018) - Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Oligocene Globigerina, Globigerinella, and Quiltyella n. gen. Cushman Foundation Special Publication, 46: 179-214.
Srinivasan M.S. & Kennett J.P. (1983) - The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in the South Pacific. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94(6): 798-812.
Sturani C. (1978) - Messinian facies in the Piedmont Basin. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 16: 11-25.
Takahashi K. & Okada H. (2000) - Environmental control on the biogeography of modern coccolithophores in the southeastern Indian Ocean offshore of Western Australia. Marine Micropaleontology, 39(1-4): 73-86.
Trenkwalder S., Violanti D., D’Atri A., Lozar F., Dela Pierre F. & Irace A. (2008) - The Miocene/Pliocene boundary and the early Pliocene micropalaeontological record: new data from the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (Moncucco quarry, Torino Hill, Northwestern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 47, 2.
Van Couvering J. A., Castradori D., Cita M. B., Hilgen F. J. & Rio D. (2000) - The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 23(3): 179-187.
Van der Laan E., Snel E., De Kaenel E., Hilgen F. J. & Krijgsman W. (2006) - No major deglaciation across the Miocene-Pliocene boundary: integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of the Loulja sections (Bou Regreg area, NW Morocco). Paleoceanography, 21, PA3011, doi:10.1029/2005PA001193.
Van Dijk G., Maars J., Andreetto F., Hernández-Molina F. J., Rodríguez-Tovar F. J. & Krijgsman W. (2023) - A terminal Messinian flooding of the Mediterranean evidenced by contouritic deposits on Sicily. Sedimentology, 70: 1195-1223, doi: 10.1111/sed.13074
Violanti D., Dela Pierre F., Trenkwalder S., Lozar F., Clari P., Irace A. & D’Atri A. (2011) - Biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental analyses of the Messinian/Zanclean boundary and Zanclean succession in the Moncucco quarry (Piedmont, northwestern Italy). Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 182(2): 149-162.
Violanti D., Trenkwalder S., Lozar F. & Gallo L. M. (2009) - Micropalaeontological analyses of the Narzole core: biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the late Messinian and early Zanclean of Piedmont (Northwestern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 48(3): 167-181.
Wade B. S. & Bown P. R. (2006) - Calcareous nannofossils in extreme environments: the Messinian salinity crisis, Polemi Basin, Cyprus. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 233(3-4): 271-286.
Young J. R. (1998) - Neogene nannofossils. In: Brown P. (Ed.) - Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. British Micropaleontology Society Publications Series, Cambridge: Kluwer Academic Publisher: 225-265.
Young J.R., Bown P.R. & Lees J.A. (2022) - Nannotax3 website. International Nannoplankton Association. Last accessed 21 Apr. 2022.
Ziveri P., Baumann K. H., Böckel B., Bollmann J. & Young J. R. (2004) - Biogeography of selected Holocene coccoliths in the Atlantic Ocean. In: Thierstein H. & Young J. (Eds.) - Coccolithophores: from molecular processes to global impact: 403-428. Springer Verlag.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 FRANCESCO PILADE, FRANCESCA LOZAR , FRANCESCO DELA PIERRE , ELENA ZANELLA , ALAN MARIA MANCINI , MARCELLO NATALICCHIO, MATTEO MARCHISIO, ROCCO GENNARI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal allow the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions.
Accepted 2024-09-17
Published 2024-09-23
