GLI EFFETTI DELLA L2 SULLA L1: UNO STUDIO SULLE RISPOSTE AL COMPLIMENTO DI ITALIANI EMIGRATI IN CINA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/20394Abstract
Il transfer pragmatico, secondo la definizione di Kasper (1992), descrive l’influenza esercitata dalla conoscenza pragmatica collegata a lingue e culture diverse dalla L2 sulla comprensione, sulla produzione e sull’acquisizione di informazioni pragmatiche nella L2. Rispetto all’ampia documentazione su questo tipo di transfer nella realizzazione degli atti linguistici, le ricerche sul transfer pragmatico nell’altra direzione, cioè relative all’impatto della L2 sugli usi nella L1, sono relativamente scarse, malgrado la rilevanza dei dati in esse riportati. Il presente studio mira ad ampliare le indagini sul transfer inverso, analizzando le strategie di risposta al complimento utilizzate da italiani madrelingua residenti in Cina, parlanti di cinese. I dati sono stati raccolti tramite un test di completamento del discorso (DCT) scritto e analizzati con l’aiuto di test statistici. I risultati dello studio evidenziano la complessità del fenomeno del transfer pragmatico, di carattere bidirezionale e dipendente da una serie di fattori quali la competenza in L2, l’integrazione nella società d’accoglienza, la scelta del parlante (per lo più inconsapevole) di aderire agli schemi culturali della L1 o della L2, mentre nei nostri dati il tipo di lavoro esercitato non ha un peso notevole. Quest’ultimo aspetto ci permette di riflettere sugli usi linguistici degli insegnanti di italiano emigrati in Cina e sull’importanza di interventi formativi mirati ed efficaci per aiutarli a diventare più consapevoli dei propri usi linguistici.
THE EFFECTS OF L2 ON L1: A STUDY ON THE COMPLIMENT RESPONSES OF ITALIAN EMIGRANTS TO CHINA
Pragmatic transfer, as defined by Kasper (1992), describes the influence exerted by pragmatic knowledge related to languages and cultures other than the L2 on the understanding, production, and acquisition of pragmatic information in the L2. Compared to the extensive documentation on this type of transfer in the realization of speech acts, research on pragmatic transfer in the other direction, i.e., related to the impact of the L2 on uses in L1, is relatively scarce, despite the relevance of the data reported. The aim of the present study is to broaden research on reverse transfer by analyzing compliment response strategies used by native Italians, speakers of Chinese, living in China. Data were collected through a written discourse completion test (DCT) and analyzed though statistical tests. The results of the study highlight the complexity of the pragmatic transfer phenomenon, which is bidirectional in nature and depends on several factors such as L2 proficiency, integration in the host society, the speaker's (mostly unconscious) choice to adhere to L1 or L2 cultural patterns, while in our data the type of employment has no significant influence. This last aspect allows us to make some considerations about the language uses of native Italian teachers in China and the importance of targeted and effective training interventions to help them become more aware of their own language uses.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Alfonzetti G. (2009), I Complimenti nella Conversazione, Editori Riuniti University Press, Roma.
Alfonzetti G. (2011), “I complimenti nella competenza metacomunicativa dei parlanti”, in Held G., Helfrich U. (eds.), Cortesia - Politesse - Cortesía. La politesse verbale dans une perspective romaniste, Peter Lang, Frankfurt-New York, pp. 211-227.
Bettoni C. (2008), “Migrazioni e competenze linguistiche”, in Berruto G., Brincat J., Caruana S., Andorno C. (a cura di), Lingua, cultura e cittadinanza in contesti migratori. Europa e area mediterranea, Atti dell’8° Congresso dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, Guerra, Perugia, pp. 17-32.
Blum-Kulka S. (1991), “Interlanguage pragmatics: The case of requests”, in Phillipson R. et al. (eds.), Foreign/Second language pedagogy research, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 255-272.
Blum-Kulka S., Sheffer H. (1993), “The metapragmatic discourse of American-Israeli families at dinner”, in Kasper G., Blum-Kulka S. (eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 196-223.
Cao M. (2016), “Backward pragmatic transfer: an empirical study on compliment responses among Chinese EFL learners”, in Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6, 9, pp. 1846-1854.
Cenoz J. (2003), “The Intercultural Style Hypothesis: L1 and L2 interaction in requesting behavior”, in Cook V. (ed.), Effects of the Second Language on the First, Mutlilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 62-80.
Chamorro G., Sorace A., Sturt P. (2016), “What is the source of L1 attrition? The effect of recent L1 re-exposure on Spanish speakers under L1 attrition”, in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 3, pp. 520-532.
Chen R. (1993), “Responding to compliments: A contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English and Chinese speakers”, in Journal of Pragmatics, 20, pp. 49-75.
Chen R. (2010), “A cross-cultural survey of research on complimenting and compliment responding”, in Trosborg A. (ed.), Handbook of Pragmatics, vol. VII, Pragmatics across Languages and Cultures, Mouton de Guyter, Berlin-New York, pp. 79-101.
Chen R., Yang D. (2010), “Responding to compliments in Chinese: Has it changed?”, in Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 7, pp. 1951-1963.
Cook V. J. (1991), “The poverty-of-the-stimulus argument and multicompetence”, in Second Language Research, 7, 2, pp. 103-117.
Cook V. J. (2002), “Background to the L2 user”, in Cook V. J. (ed.), Portraits of the L2 User, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 1-28.
Cook V. J. (2003), Effects of the second language on the first, Mutlilingual Matters, Clevedon.
Dewaele J.-M. (2004), “The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 25, 2/3, pp. 204-222.
Favaro G. (2012), “Parole, lingue e alfabeti nella classe multiculturale”, in Italiano LinguaDue, 1, pp. 251-262:
https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/promoitals/article/view/2283.
Frescura M. (1996), “The conflictual behaviour of Italian speakers in responding to compliments”, in Rassegna Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, 28, pp. 89-110.
Gu Y. (1990), “Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese”, in Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 2, pp. 237-257.
Isurin L. (2007), “Teacher’s language: L1 attrition Russian-English Bilinguals”, in The Modern Language Journal, 91, pp. 348-357.
Kasper G. (1992), “Pragmatic transfer”, in Second Language Research, 8, 3, pp. 203-231.
Kasper G., Blum-Kulka S. (eds.) (1993), Interlanguage Pragmatics, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kecskés I., Papp T. (2000), Foreign language and mother tongue, Erlbaum, Mahwah.
Lado R. (1957), Linguistics across cultures. Applied linguistics for language teachers, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Liu D. (1995), “Sociocultural transfer and its effect on second language speakers’ communication”, in International Journal of Intercultural Relation, 19, 2, pp. 253-265.
Lunati M., Santoro E. (2020), “Transfer pragmatico e allocutivi in italiano: apprendenti brasiliani e parlanti nativi a confronto”, in Italiano LinguaDue, 12, 1, pp. 237-258: https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/promoitals/article/view/13756.
Major R. C. (1993), “Sociolinguistic factors in loss and acquisition of phonology”, in Hyltenstam K., Viberg A. (eds.), Progression and regression in language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 463-478.
Pasquandrea S. (2008), Più lingue, più identità. Code switching e costruzione identitaria in famiglie di emigranti italiani, Guerra Edizioni, Perugia. Pavlenko A. (2002), “Bilingualism and emotions”, in Multilingua, 21,1, pp. 45-78.
Pomerantz A. (1984), “Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes”, in Maxwell Atkinson J., Heritage J. (eds.), Structures of Social Action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 57-101.
Porte G. (1999), “English as a forgotten Language”, in ELT journal, 53,1, pp. 28-34.
Porte G. (2003), “English from a distance: Code-mixing and blending in the Ll output of long-term resident overseas EFL teachers”, in Cook V. (ed.), Effects of the second language on the first, Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, pp. 32-61.
Proietti Ergün A. L. (2011), “Il fenomeno dell’attrito linguistico negli insegnanti di italiano LS”, in Didattica e linguistica dell’italiano come lingua straniera, 9, 27, pp. 1-22.
Pugliese E. (2015), “Le nuove migrazioni italiane: il contesto e i protagonisti”, in Gjergji I. (a cura di), La nuova migrazione italiana: Cause, mete e figure sociali, Edizioni Ca’ Foscari, Venezia, pp. 25-38.
Samu B. (2020), “Le competenze pragmatiche in prospettiva comparativa dalla ricerca alla didattica: italiano e inglese a confronto”, in Ferroni R., Birello M. (a cura di), La competenza discorsiva e interazionale. A lezione di lingua straniera, Aracne, Roma, pp. 149-197.
Samu B., Wang M. (2020), “Concettualizzazioni culturali nelle risposte al complimento di apprendenti cinesi di italiano L2: riflessioni sullo schema culturale della modestia”, in Gentes, 7, pp. 101-122.
Schmid M. S. (2009), “On L1 attrition and the linguistic system”, in Roberts L. et al. (eds.), Eurosla Yearbook 9, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 212-244.
Schmid M. S. et al. (eds.) (2004), First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Schmid M. S., Jarvis S. (2014), “Lexical first language attrition”, in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17, 4, pp. 729-748.
Sharifian F. (2017), “Cultural Linguistics”, in Ethnolinguistics, 28, pp. 33-61.
Su I-Ru (2004), “Bi-directional transfer in EFL users’ requesting behavior”, in English teaching and Learning, 29, 2, pp. 79-98.
Su I-Ru. (2010), “Transfer of pragmatic competences: A bi-directional perspective”, in The Modern Language Journal, 94, 1, pp. 87-102.
Su I.Ru (2012), “Bi-directional transfer in Chinese EFL learners’ apologizing behavior”, in Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 38, 2, pp. 237-267.
Thomas J. (1983), “Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure”, in Applied Linguistics, 4, 2, pp. 91-112.
Yuan L. (2002), “Compliments and compliments responses in Kunming Chinese”, in Pragmatics, 12, 2, pp. 183-226.
Valdés G., Pino C. (1981), “Muy a tus ordenes: Compliment responses among Mexican-American bilinguals”, in Language in Society, 10, pp. 53-72.
Dowloads
Pubblicato
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0.
