Rapt/Wrapped Listening: The Aesthetics of “Surround Sound”
HTML
PDF

Keywords

Dolby 5.1
Surround Sound
Stereo
Terrence Malick
Fantasound

Abstract

This essay is prompted by “surround sound,” the sonic results of which have been evident in cinemas since the late 1970s and the encoding for which, in the form of Dolby 5.1 on the soundtracks of DVDs, since the turn of the century has been fairly ubiquitous. By way of background, the essay deals in turn with the physical nature of three-dimensional listening and with the history of stereophonic sound as manifest both in the cinema and on LP recordings. More to the point, the essay deals with the aesthetic differences (not just perceptual but also affective) between listening to three-dimensional sounds in real life situations and listening to re-creations of those sounds, via a Dolby system or otherwise, in the privacy and comfort of one’s home. Playing on the homophonic adjectives in its title, the essay reflects on why sometimes we give more rapt attention to artificial versions of “surround sound” than to the genuine stereophonic sound in which we are literally wrapped almost on a daily basis.

https://doi.org/10.54103/sss14474
HTML
PDF

References

Alexander, Robert Charles. The Inventor of Stereo: The Life and Works of Alan Dower Blumlein. Oxford: Focal Press, 1999.

Barker, Jennifer M. The Tactile Eye: Touch and the Cinematic Experience. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.

Beck, Jay. “A Quiet Revolution: Changes in American Film Sound Practices, 1967–1979.” PhD diss., University of Iowa, 2003. ProQuest 3087610.

Belton, John. “Glorious Technicolor, Breathtaking CinemaScope, and Stereophonic Sound.” In Hollywood in the Age of Television, edited by Tino Balio, 185–211. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

Belton, John. “1950s Magnetic Sound: The Frozen Revolution.” In Sound Theory, Sound Practice, edited by Rick Altman, 154–67. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Belton, John. Widescreen Cinema. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Bull, Michael. “The World According to Sound: Investigating the World of Walkman Users.” New Media & Society 3, no. 2 (2001): 179–97.

Chambers, Iain. “A Miniature History of the Walkman.” New Formations 11 (1990): 1–4.

Chion, Michel. Audio-Vision: Sound on Screen. Translated by Claudia Gorbman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. Orig. L’Audio-Vision (Paris: Éditions Nathan, 1990).

Chion, Michel. “Quiet Revolution … and Rigid Stagnation.” Translated by Ben Brewster. October 58 (1991): 69–90. Orig. “Revolution douce … et dure stagnation,” Cahiers du Cinéma 398 (1987): 27–32.

Clepper, Catherine. “The Rigged House: Gimmickry, Exhibition, and Embodied Spectatorship in Mid-Century American Movie-Going.” PhD diss., Northwestern University, 2016. ProQuest 10117311.

Collins, Karen. “Calls of the Wild? ‘Fake’ Sound Effects and Cinematic Realism in BBC David Attenborough Nature Documentaries.” The Soundtrack 10, no. 1 (2017): 59–77.

Crowther, Bosley. “Looking at Cinerama: An Awed and Quizzical Inspection of a New Film Projection System.” New York Times, 5 October 1952, X1.

Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: The Experience of Play in Work and Games. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1975.

du Gay, Paul, Stuart Hall, Linda Janes, Hugh Mackay, and Keith Negus, eds. Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage Publications, 1997.

Fletcher, Harvey. “The Stereophonic Sound-Film System—General Theory.” Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 37, no. 10 (1941): 331–52.

Garity, William E., and John N.A. Hawkins. “Fantasound.” Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 37, no. 8 (1941): 127–46.

Gracyk, Theodore. “Listening to Music: Performances and Recordings.” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 55, no. 2 (1997): 139–50.

Grainge, Paul. “Selling Spectacular Sound: Dolby and the Unheard History of Technical Trademarks.” In Lowering the Boom: Critical Studies in Film Sound, edited by Jay Beck and Tony Grajeda, 251–68. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

Griffin, Kristina M. “Fantasound: A Retrospective of the Groundbreaking Sound System of Disney.” Master’s thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2015. ProQuest 1598282.

Gunning, Tom. “A Slippery Topic: Colour as Metaphor, Intention or Attraction?” In Disorderly Order: Colours in Silent Film, edited by Daan Hertogs and Nico de Klerk, 37–49. Amsterdam: Stichting Nederlands Filmmuseum, 1996.

Hayward, Susan. Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2018.

Hosokawa, Shuhei. “Considérations sur la musique mass-médiatisée.” International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 12, no. 1 (1981): 21–50.

Hosokawa, Shuhei. “The Walkman Effect.” Popular Music 4 (1984): 165–80.

Keightley, Keir. “‘Turn It Down!’ She Shrieked: Gender, Domestic Space, and High-Fidelity, 1948–59.” Popular Music 15, no. 2 (1996): 149–77.

Kerins, Mark. Beyond Dolby (Stereo): Cinema in the Digital Sound Age. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.

Klapholz, Jesse. “Fantasia: Innovations in Sound.” Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 39, no. 1/2 (1991): 66–70.

Kuhn, Annette, and Guy Westwell, eds. A Dictionary of Film Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Liang, Dong. “Sound, Space, Gravity: A Kaleidoscopic Hearing (Part I).” The New Soundtrack 6, no. 1 (2016): 1–15.

Marks, Laura U. The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000.

Schaefer, Richard J. “Editing Strategies in Television News Documentaries.” Journal of Communication 47, no. 4 (1997): 69–88.

Schaeffer, Pierre. Treatise on Musical Objects: An Essay across Disciplines. Translated by Christine North and John Dack. Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.

Schreger, Charles. “The Second Coming of Sound.” Film Comment, September/October 1978: 34–37.

Sergi, Gianluca. The Dolby Era: Film Sound in Contemporary Hollywood. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.

Sergi, Gianluca. “The Dolby Era: Sound in Hollywood Cinema 1970–1995.” PhD diss., Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. ProQuest 10700990.

Silcock, B. William. “Every Edit Tells a Story—Sound and the Visual Frame: A Comparative Analysis of Videotape Editor Routines in Global Newsrooms.” Visual Communication Quarterly 14, no. 1 (2007): 3–15.

Walker, Alison. “Sonic Space and Echoes of the Flesh: Textual and Phenomenal Readings of Gravity.” Music, Sound, and the Moving Image 14, no. 2 (2020): 119–39.

Whittington, William. Sound Design & Science Fiction. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.

Wierzbicki, James. “Sound as Music in the Films of Terrence Malick.” In The Cinema of Terrence Malick: Poetic Visions of America, edited by Hannah Patterson, 110–22. London: Wallflower Press, 2003.

Wierzbicki, James. Terrence Malick: Sonic Style. New York: Routledge, 2019.

Wierzbicki, James. “Zvukovoy ryad kak muzyka: o novykh putyakh v izuchenii kinoiskusstva” [Hearing Sound as Music: On New Directions in Film Studies]. Nauchnyy vestnik Moskovskoy konservatorii [Journal of Moscow Conservatory] 3 (2013): 120–35.

Williams, Andrew. Portable Music & Its Functions. New York: Peter Lang, 2007.

Wright, Benjamin. “Atmos Now: Dolby Laboratories, Mixing Ideology and Hollywood Sound Production.” In Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound, edited by Paul Théberge, Kyle Devine, and Tom Everrett, 227–46. New York: Bloomsbury, 2015.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2021 James Wierzbicki